Carbon Pastes and Carbon Paste Electrodes - Electroanalysis with Carbon Paste Electrodes - page 15

10 μm

10 μm

(A) (B)

5 μm

100 nm

(C) (D)

FIGURE 2.2 Microstructure.of.some.new.carbon.and.graphite.materials..(A).Glassy.carbon.powder,.variant.
with.untreated.surface; 1 .(B).with.pretreated.surface; 2 .(C).carbon.nanoibers; 3 .(D).single-wall.carbon.nanotubes. 4 .
Other.speciication:.(1,.2).with.spherical.particles.(“Sigradur.G.&.K”;.both.HTW.Maitingen,.Germany),.(3).repro-
duced. from. http://www.nibib.nih.gov/gallery/images/nibib_092605_082714.jpg;. downloaded. on. January 15,.
2011;. (4). L-SWNTs. (NTP,. Shenzhen,. China).. Scanning. electron. microscope. (SEM,. model. “JSM-5500LV”;.
JEOL,.Tokyo,.Japan),.magniication:.1:3000.(A,.B).and.1:10,000.(D)..(From.authors'.archives,.except.(3).)

Chronologically,.the.next.new.material.is.(ii).fullerene.“C-60,”.a.representative.of.molecular.
carbons.that.form—together.with.related.“carbon.nanotubes”.(CNTs).and.“carbon.nanohorns”.
(CNHs)—three.major.classes.of.carbon.nanomaterials..In.the.carbon.paste.mixtures,.fullerene.
“C-60”.(whose.structure.of.a.hollow.sphere.and.building.units.from.hexagonal.aromatic.rings.
resembles.faithfully.a.soccer.ball).was.irstly.used.in.China.[198],.followed.soon.by.some.other.
reports.[117,199,200]..In.all.cases,.fullerene.“C-60”.was.applied.as.the.additional.modiier.with.
distinct. electrocatalytic. properties,. whereas. a. new. binary. mixture. of. the. “C60-PE”. type. has.
not. been. still. reported.. (Similarly,. there. is. no. mention. on. the. use. of. an. ellipsoidal. fullerene,.
“C-70.”). Otherwise,. regarding. the. aforementioned. carbon. nanomaterials,. (iii). carbon. nano-
horns.have.been.examined.in.a.single.study.only.[201],.whereas.CNTs.dominate.among.all.new.
forms.of.carbon.(see.later.and.especially.Section.2.2.3.2).and.some.other.carbon.nanoforms.are.
to.come.yet.
Next. in. the. order. are. three. novel. carbonaceous. materials,. namely,. (iv). template. carbon,. (v).
porous.carbon.foam,.and.(vi).porous.carbon.microspheres.(together.with.a.self-made.GC.powder),.
all.proposed.recently.by.Nossol.and.Zarbin.[116].
The. authors. see. the. possibilities. and. limitations. of. these. materials,. synthesized. by. means. of.
pyrolysis.of.different.poly(furfurylalcohol)-based.precursors,.in.their.employment.in.electrocataly-
sis,.as.well.as.in.practical.electroanalysis..In.their.study,.all.the.materials.were.tested.in.the.corre-
sponding.binary.mixtures.and.with.Nujol.oil.as.the.standard.binder.
In. the. same. year,. similar. investigations. were. carried. out. with. (vii). ordered. mesoporous. car-
bon.(OMC.[119]).and.the.OMCPE,.offering.also.improved.electron.transfer.kinetics.and.catalytic.
capabilities.in.connection.with.the.electrode.transformations.of.selected.redox.systems..Moreover,.