Electroanalysis with Carbon Paste–Based Electrodes, Sensors, and Detectors - Electroanalysis with Carbon Paste Electrodes - page 260

TABLE 8.9
Determination of Metals of the I, II, III, and IV Group and of Rare Earths at Carbon Paste Electrodes, Sensors, and Detectors:
Survey of Methods and Selected Studies

Type of CPE
(Modiier)

Technique
(Mode)

Measuring Principles
(Method Sequences)

Linearity Range
(LOD; t ACC / t R )

Ion, Species Sample(s) Other Speciication (Remarks) Ref(s)

Alkaline metals
Li +

CV,.ASV,.
POT.(dir.,.
FIA-ind.),.
SP.
(CCSA)

3.×.10 −6 −0.002.M.
(ASV).8.×.
10 −5 −0.01.M.(POT)
5.×.10 −7 −1.×.10 −5 .
(CCSA).(2.×.10 −7 .
M;.30/5.s)

Model.solns.,.
natural.waters,.
pharm..prepn..
(comm..tabs.)

[742,1236,.
1237,1238,.
1240]

C/PO.[ λ -MnO 2 .
(spinel)]

accum.:.redn..Mn IV .→.
Mn III .followed.by.
intercalation.(insertion).
of.Li I .into.the.spinel.
structure;.re-oxidn..
changes.in.equilibria.
pot.

modif.:.25%. λ -MnO 2 .(m/m).in.CP
s.e.:.borate.buffer/ TRIS .(pH.7-10)
No.interfences.by.Me + /Me 2+ .ions
POT:.Nerstian.slope,.79.mV/dec.
CCSA:. E ac .=.+0.3.V,. I C .=.+10.μA

Na + C/PO.

(12-crown-4)

POT.(dir.) Inclusion.compl..effect

Equilibrium.potential

1.×.10 −4 -0.01.M Model.solns. modif..added.in.CP.in.5%.(w/w)

Lower.selectivity.vs..H + .and.K + .ions

[2337]

Na + ,.Cu 2+ s-CPE/C/Wx.

(natural.
zeolite)

AD,.
(FIA-EC)

accum..via.ion-exchange.
equivalent.to.Na I -conc.

1-50.ppm.Na + Model.solns. s-CPE:.mixture.ctng.parafin.wax

Indirect.detn..(via.another.analyte)

[755]

Na + C/PO.(MnO 2 ) CV,.LSV oxidn..of.Mn III .→.Mn IV .

inclusion.of.Na + .in.
MnO 2

7.9.×.10 −5 −3.5.×.
10 −5 M.(3.5.×.
10 −5 M)

Human.urine 15%.(m/m).modif..(nat.. Birnessite ).in.

CP-mixture;.TRIS.buff..(pH.8)

[1241]

K + .Cs + s-CPE/C/SR.

(unm.)

LSASV,.AD.
(stat.)

Indirect.detn..(via.
electro-oxidn..of.
NaBF 4 )

(mM.level) Model.solns. SR:.silicone.rubber;.the.end-point.

detection.at. E const ;.RSD.<.±0.9%

[309]

K + ,.Li + ,.Na + .
and.NH 4 +

s-CP.(C/ Kel-F ).
(Ce 3+ ;. in situ )

AD.
(LC-EC)

Indirect.elchem..detection
s-CPD.stable.in.mobile.
ph..with.org..solvents.
(up.80%)

—.(down.to.2.ppm) Model.solns. Solid-like.CP-detector;.Kel-F:.

commer..available.luorinated.
polymer
Detn..of.Na + ,.Li + ,.NH 4 + .also.tested.

[2338]

K + ,.Li + ,.Na + .
Cs + ,.Me 2+

C/Nj.
(a) s-CPE/C/
Wx.(b).(ex-Z)

AD:
(a).FIA-EC
(b).BIA-EC
(c).LC-EC

accum..by.the.
electrostatic.interaction/
ion-exchange;.equivalent.
to.Me I -conc.

1-50.ppm.Li + .
(ca. 1.ppm)

(a,b).Model.
solns..(c).Pure.
water,.free.of.
electrolyte

s-CPE:.mixture.ctng..parafin.wax.
with.modif..dispersed.in.the.bulk
(a,b).Indirect.detn.;.(b).separation.by.
HPLC;.Me 2+ :.Mg 2+ ,.Ca 2+ ,.Cu 2+

(a).[755,2339]
( b).[1116]
( c).[1115]