Introduction to Electrochemistry and Electroanalysis with Carbon Paste–Based Electrodes - Electroanalysis with Carbon Paste Electrodes - page 4

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80

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1965 1970 1975 1980 1985

Year of publication

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

FIGURE 1.1 Carbon.paste.electrodes.in.publication.activity.over.the.whole.period.of.1958-2010..Diagram..
(From.authors'.archives.)

1.1.6 1981-1988: e ra oF C heMiCally M odiFied C arbon p asTe e leCTrodes
All.the.previous.results.from.measurements.with.carbon.pastes.containing.additional.constituents.
could.not.remain.unnoticed..The.speciic.combination.of.the.two.major.components.in.solid.and.
liquid.states.with.evident.potential.for.multicomponent.concept.and.in.contrast.with.simple.labora-
tory.preparation.gave.altogether.such.an.attractive.proposition.that.it.was.a.question.of.time,.when.
these.features.would.be.relected.in.wider.applications..The.real.boom.was.apparently.ignited.by.a.
report.by.Ravichandran.and.Baldwin.[53].who.had.used.the.advantages.of.“mechanical.modiica-
tion”.(i.e.,.direct.mixing.of.both.main.carbon.paste.components.with.a.modiier).and.who.were.prob-
ably.the.irst.to.introduce.the.term. chemically modiied carbon paste electrode .(CMCPE).[53,54]..
Their.method.of.modiication.by.means.of.incorporation.of.modifying.agent.into.the.carbon.paste.
is.now.regarded.as.revolutionary.[7],.although.the.concept.of.direct.modiication.had.not.been.new.
and.resembled.the.preparation.of.Kuwana's.ferrocene-containing.CPEs.[14,15].or.Adams's.“non-
aqueous.CPE”.[16],.all.appearing.in.the.early.1960s..On.the.other.hand,.there.were.some.nuances.
in.the.proper.making,.when.the.modiier.could.be.delivered.into.the.bulk.through.(i).its.dissolution.
in.the.binder.[14,15].or.loaded.as.a.solid.[16,53,54].by.(ii).mixing.it.with.both.main.components.as.
well.as.into.the.ready-made.carbon.paste.
Although. the. entire. 1980s. have. been. inluential. mainly. in. association. with. the. development.
and. applications. of. CMCPEs. (for. comprehensive. surveys,. see,. e.g.,. [55,56]),. electrodes. made. of.
traditional.carbon.paste.mixtures.were.still.of.interest..Such.unmodiied.CPEs.were.successfully.
employed.in.analyses.of.pharmaceuticals.[57],.biologically.important.compounds.[58],.or.organic.
pollutants.[59]..In.parallel,.there.also.were.studies.continuing.in.the.characterization. of.unmodi-
ied.carbon.pastes.[60],.including.their.testing.in.newly.introduced.modern.instrumentation.[61,62],.
some.of.them.trying.to.improve.their.surface.characteristics.by.means.of.a.pretreatment.by.intensive.
electrolysis.[63].or.through.addition.of.a.surfactant.[64]..In.addition,.there.were.attempts.to.replace.
the.pasting.liquid.by.more.resistant.high-molecular.PVC.binder.[65],.chloroluorinated.polymeric.
luid,. Kel-F ® .[66],.or.via.the.total.alteration.of.the.CPE.surface.by.its.spraying.with.solid.graphite.
layer.[67],.all.these.conigurations.documenting.further.applicability.of.“solid-like”.CPE.conigura-
tions..At.the.end.of.the.commentary.on.this.period,.one.should.not.forget.to.quote.Adams's.farewell.