Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
Lichens.and.mosses.are.occasionally.used.to.design.biomass.biosensors.for.sorptive.accumulation.
of.inorganic.species,.such.as.copper,.lead,.and.mercury.[271,1712,3199]..Tissues.were.widely.used.as.
electrode.modiiers,.mainly.as.sources.of.certain.enzymes.[70,2564,3001,3200,3201]..(Notably,.the.
irst.type.of.this.sensor.was.called.a.“bananatrode”.(with.banana.tissue.on.traditional.Clark.electrode.
[3264].)
Only.a.few.applications.of.tissue.electrodes.are.devoted.to.inorganic.analytes;.luoride.(inhibi-
tion.of.peroxidase).[2380],.Pb(II).(sorption.on.banana.tissue).[2270],.and.in.fact.hydrogen.peroxide.
(usually.as.substrate.for.peroxidase).[311,2368,3202-3207].
Tissues. most. frequently. serve. as. a. source. for. peroxidase,. such. as. horseradish. (root).
[3202,3203,3208],. spinach. root. [3204],. cabbage. [311,3205,3206],. green. beans. [2751],. spinach.
leaves,.and.sunlower.leaves.[2123,2674-2676]..Most.applications.deal.with.tissues.containing.vari-
ous. phenol. oxidases,. for. example,. mushrooms. [194,279,283,284,898,2564,2783,2840,2953,2954,.
3210,3211],.palm.trees.and.their.fruits.[2756,3019],.coconuts.[2754],.potatoes.[278,279,1754,2757,.
2760,2999,3000],. zucchini. [3001],. eggplants. [2791,3002,3266],. fruits. [278-280,2760,2765,2998],.
and,. in. particular,. bananas. [276,278,1265,2758-2760,2995-2997,3002].. Spinach. leaves. and. sun-
lower.leaves.contain.also.glycolate.oxidase.[2674-2676],.pea.seedlings.diamine.oxidase.[274],.oat.
seedlings.polyamine.oxidase.[864],.and.mung.beans.indole.acetic.acid.oxidase.[2951]..Orange.peel.
can.be.used.for.the.determination.of.pectin.with.an.alcohol.sensor,.because.the.peel.contains.pectin.
esterase.releasing.methanol.from.pectin.[277]..(For.some.further.modiiers.of.such.a.kind,.see.also.
Section.2.2.1.and.Figure.2.5.)
Yeast.is.a.source.of.ADH.[2660-2662].for.the.determination.of.ethanol.and.cytochrome.b2.
[1483,2685,2686].for.the.oxidation.of.lactate..Some.special.applications.mimic.bacteria.count-
ing,. where. bacteria. [3212]. or. bacterial. lysates. [3213]. are. exposed. to. carbon. paste. surfaces,.
where. they. adsorb. and. decrease. the. electrochemical. signal. of. a. probe. by. blocking. the. active.
surface.area.
Salmonella
.can.be.detected.by.an.immune.assay.with.phosphatase-linked.anti-salmonella.and.
phenyl-phosphate.as.a.substrate.by.the.release.of.electroactive.phenol.[3214,3215]..Wang.with.cowork-
ers.have.suggested.a.carbon.paste.as.the.entrapping.substrate.for.biological.structures.(enzymes,.tis-
sues,.and.cells).where.biological.processes.can.be.monitored.with.microelectrodes.[619].
8.4.13 s
urVey
oF
a
ppliCaTions
oF
C
arbon
p
asTe
M
ini
-
and
M
iCroeleCTrodes
in
b
rain
e
leCTroCheMisTry
/
in
V
iVo
V
olTaMMeTry
An. interesting. area. of.
in vivo
. measurements. with. CPm/μEs. has. already. been. reviewed. in. the.
previous. chapter. (see. Section. 7.3). with. a. note. that. the. individual. applications. would. be. surveyed.
in. more. detail. herein.. Thus,. Table. 8.27. summarizes. such. measurements. offering. yet. deeper.
insight. into. the. individual. methods. and. a. database. with. typical. experimental. and. instrumen-
tal. conditions.. This. is. also. the. case. of. experimentation. with. several. macrosized. constructions.
[152,605,2124,3216,3217];. nevertheless,. numerous. mini-. and. micro-variants. have. always. prevailed.
[152,430,498,599,1022,1027,1028,1642,1674,1664,1717,1774,2119,2120,2122,2125-2141,2143-2153,.
3218,3122,3218-3251]..Exceptionally,.the.table.includes.also.
in vitro
.measurements.(e.g., [2142,2154]).
belonging,.however,.to.the.ield.as.a.useful.comparative.material..Finally,.all.the.principal.reviews.
are.also.cited.
8.4.14 M
isCellaneous
A. few. compounds. which. were. determined. with. carbon. paste. electrodes. and. did. not. it. in. the.
schemes. displayed. earlier. are. listed. in. Table. 8.28. [952,2460,3252].. Again,. the. table. also. con-
tains. a. series. of. selected. review. articles. that. could. be. of. some. interest. for. detailed. studies.
[70,156,842,935,936,1254,2710,3200,3253-3255].
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