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(B)
(A)
(C)
(D)
FIGURE 6.14
Example. of. using. atomic. force. microscopy. (AFM). for. characterization. of. metallic-ilm.
modiied.CPE..PhaseMode.scans.of.a.bare.(A,.B).and.a.Bi-ilm-modiied.(C,.D).CPE,.same.3.μm.×.3.μm.sec-
tion,.
z
-scale.5.4.kau.(A).and.7.5.kau.(C);.3D.images.(A,.C).and.2D.images.with.proiles.(B,.D)..
Experimental
conditions
:.scan.frequency.1.Hz,.Bi-ilm.deposition.in.a.0.05.M.H
2
SO
4
.+.1.ppm.Bi
3+
.at.−1.0.V.vs..Ag/AgCl.
(3.M. KCl). for. 10.min. after. 10.s. conditioning. at. 1.5.V. vs.. ref.. (Reproduced. from. Flechsig,. G.U.. et. al.,.
Electrochem. Commun
.,.7,.1091,.2005..With.permission.)
and.electroanalytical.methods.has.been.otherwise.reported.for.the.detection.of.biologically.relevant.
molecules.or.drugs.[1723,1724,2002]..Another.application.concerns.electrochemiluminescence.(ECL).
sensors.and.CP-biosensors.(e.g.,.[386,571,572,1119,2003]).for.which.the.carbon.paste.matrix.(or.sur-
face),.including.eventual.modiier,.was.exploited.to.immobilize.the.ECL.active.reagents,.for.example,.
o
-aminophthaloyl.hydrazide.(known.as.“luminol”).and.
tris
(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium.
The. last. category. relies. on. carbon. paste. electroactive. electrodes. (i.e.,. CPEs. with. conductive.
binders.such.as.a.strong.inorganic.electrolyte.or.concentrated.solutions.of.mineral.acids.or.alkaline.
hydroxides),. which. were. usually. applied. to. study. the. behavior. of. redox-active. solids. (e.g.,. metal.
sulides.or.metal.oxides.and.hydroxides)..Often.such.investigations.were.performed.using.additional.
characterization.techniques.before,.in.the.course.of,.or.after,.the.electrochemical.transformation.of.
the.sample,.including.XPS.[2004,2005],.XRD.and.direct.relectance.IR.[2006],.absorbance.spec-
trometry.[2007],.and.some.others.[2008].
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