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4.5 BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES
4.5.1 Web Service Composition
Industry and academia have different concentrations in Web service
composition. Industrial community focuses on composition languages,
for example, BPEL, WS-CDL, and OWL-S and the build-time/
run-time environment to support them [86]. However, the existing
composition specifications only support direct composition, which
seems to be straightforward and often too rigid. Academic community
focuses on automatic composition (through AI planning [95,109],
optimization [43,111], and other approaches) and the verification of
service composition [112,118] (using Petri nets, process algebra, and
automata as the formalisms). The work concentrates on the conceptual
level, making reasonable simplification on some nontrivial details (for
example, the partially compatibility issue).
4.5.2 Business Process Integration
Compatibility problems also exist when two or more business processes
are to be integrated [119]. Compared to traditional business processes,
Web services are autonomous, loosely coupled, and defined in a
standard format. Consequently, mediation can be used as a preferable
approach than a method to modify internal structures when gluing
partially compatible services.
4.5.3 Web Service Configuration
Briefly, there are two methods to make partially compatible services
work smoothly with each other, that is, mediation [47] and configu-
ration [46]. Configuration is a heavyweight approach that changes
the original service within some predefined variable points to make
it work smoothly with other services. Casati and Shan [46] propose a
configuration-based approach that enables the dynamic and adaptive
composition of services.
4.5.4 Petri Net Model of BPEL Processes
There are some studies about the modeling and analysis of a single BPEL
process using Petri nets [55,57,120]. Hinz et al. [57] present a Petri net
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