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14.1
Introduction
14.1.1 The “Social Motive”: Integrating Social Knowledge
in Design
Since the middle of the last century extensive research has been carried out
attempting to develop unified models of design. Most procedural models present
design as a linear series of sequential phases consisting of analysis, synthesis and
tional models of design have also focused on the iterative nature of the design
process by attempting to accommodate the interdependencies of design where
modifications in design are required and the cyclical processes are therefore
A new perspective in the development of models of design has recently been
proposed by Toshiharu Taura (Kobe University) and Yukari Nagai (JAIST)
design phases. Their proposed phases are described as: Pre-Design, Design, and
Post-Design.
This extended sequential model offers a new perception of the potential of
exploring methods for obtaining and exploiting experiential feedback of society
that they have generally defined as “social motive”. According to this approach, “in
the Pre-Design phase, for example, the explicit or implicit social motive is identi-
fied and translated into an explicit requirement or specification” that may result in
improvement in the design process. Furthermore, lessons learned from Post-design
experience of “design in use” can contribute to new perspectives and perceptions to
improve future design. Therefore, elicitation of social response and experiential
knowledge, developing simulation techniques, evaluation and appraisal may con-
stitute a promising method to improve design.
14.1.2 Crowdsourcing Design in a Multi-phase Model
In consideration of the potential research and design attributes of the extended stage
model, we are currently faced with two methodological challenges: the develop-
ment of a medium for the acquisition of social knowledge in each of the three
phases; and the development of a computational medium for the integration and
adaptation of this knowledge within the three inter-related phases. We present in
the following current on-going research a computational medium for social knowl-
edge acquisition, design integration and design adaptation.
In an initial research phase we have been exploring the potential of, and
approaches to, crowdsourcing design by adapting concepts such as the wisdom of
the crowd. Today, despite the broad interest in adopting crowdsourcing in design,
there is a lack of disciplinary conceptual foundations, formal guidelines, and
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