Modelling (pre-)Design Activities With a Multi-Stakeholder Perspective - Principia Designae: Pre-Design, Design, and Post-Design - page 180

Table 12.1 Example Table for listing the variables identified through a protocol analysis of a
design task involving the interpretation of the needs of several stakeholders (Buy ¼Buyer,
U¼User, Ben¼Beneficiary, Out ¼Outsider, D¼Designer), classified according to the proposed
extended FBS model
Actor Actor's statement Associated variable

N e (Buy)

Buy Statement #1

N i D Statement #2

N e (U) U Statement #3

...

R i D Statement #N

Table 12.2 Example Table for listing the processes recognized for the transformations of the
variables of Table 12.1

Actors
involved Design phase From To Process

I(Buy): N e (Buy) ! N i Needs identification Buy ! D Statement

#1

Statement
#2

I(U): N e (U) ! N i U ! D Statement

#3

...

II: N i ! R i

D Statement

#N

...

VI(U): Re i ! R e (U) Requirements

definition

D ! U

Out ! D VII(Out):

R e (Out) ! R i

measurable technical features of the device and they constitute design constraints.
In this case, it is possible consider requirements such as “boiling time < 3 min”, “ Δ
water hardness < 10 mg/L after the use”, “water without deposit ( < 0.2 mm) in the
mug”, etc. The other design processes concern:
• Process III: transforms the initial expected requirements Re i into Ne i variables
such as “short time for preparing hot water”, “invariant water taste and health-
iness”, “no visible deposit inside the poured water”.
• Process IV: transforms Ne i into Ne variables: the interpreted Needs are proposed
to candidate users to verify their appeal.

The processes that constitute the Requirement Definition process consider the
complete expected needs Ne i previously identified (e.g., “short time for preparing
hot water”, “invariant water taste and healthiness”, “no deposit visible inside the
structure”):
• Process V: transforms the initial expected needs Ne i into a complete set of Re i
(as “boiling time < 3 min”, “ Δ water hardness < 10 mg/L after the use”, “deposit
< 0.2 mm in the mug”, “volume capacity¼1 L”, etc.).