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statement is reasonably acceptable at least for the expected world, once that the
members of a design team have agreed on a shared vision on the project outcomes.
Figure 12.5 (right) shows a scheme representing the multi-designers perspective of
the FBS model.
With the aim of facilitating the readability of the figure and most of all of the
represented processes, it is suggested to “open” the diagram, so as to reduce the
apparent overlap of the different domains. For example, still referring to the multi-
stakeholder perspective of the adoption process, the diagrams in Fig. 12.6 are
obtained. Clearly, the intersections between the circles of the external worlds can
change in relation to the way with which needs are shared among different actors. If
some needs are common, they can be represented as belonging to the same
intersection set.
By looking at Fig. 12.6 that represents the Need Identification (above) and the
Requirement definition phases (below) respectively, one can deeply analyse which
processes emerge when a designer considers needs by different actors. Specifically,
in the Need Identification phase, the process I where customer needs N e are
investigated and the process IV that validates the expected requirements with the
customers split into the four different categories of actors. This modification leads
to consider one interpretation process for each actor and four further processes
eventually appear:
• Process I (Buy/U/Ben/Out): buyer/use/beneficiary/outsider needs N e (Buy/U/
Ben/Out) are investigated, thus producing N i variables.
• Process IV (Buy/U/Ben/Out) transforms Ne i into N e (Buy/U/Ben/Out) variables
to validate the expected requirements with the buyer/use/beneficiary/outsider.
Furthermore, Processes II and III are situated in worlds that are unique, and
hence remain the same. Similarly, in the Requirement Definition phase, the
processes V, VIII, IX, X do not withstand modifications, while the processes VI e
VII are distinguished for each actor. Given j ¼buyer, user, beneficiary, outsider.
• Process VI expands the Re i set into a bigger or equal number of R e (j) variables.
• Process VII uses R e (j) and results in their interpretation R i .
12.4.5 Potential Applications of the Extended Multi-
Stakeholder FBS Model
As for the original situated FBS framework, the extended model developed by the
authors and described in this paper allows for multiple applications, from the
“simple” illustration of the multi-faced focus of a design activity, to the detailed
analysis of a design method or the behaviour of a designer.
An example application of the extended FBS framework to review and improve
an existing design methodology focused on user-device interaction (IDIM) has
been published in Filippi et al. ( 2013 ) . The IDIM methodology has been first
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