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Fig. 12.5 Multi-actor perspective of the extended FBS framework: the four stakeholders of the
adoption process (left); the different interpretations of a design team (right)
• Processes XII, XIII, XIV transform R i into F i ,S i and B i variables, respectively
(transformation). These F i are not a preliminary set of functions anymore, but
constitute, together with the other interpreted variables S i and B i , a detailed
comprehensive set of design variables.
• The other processes from the 4th to the 10th are kept as in the original model.
12.4.4 Situating Needs and Requirements
in a Multi-Actor Perspective
As discussed in Sect. 12.2.1 , whatever is the object of design it is necessary to take
into consideration the different perspectives of the diverse actors that share a certain
degree of relationship with it. Each stakeholder has his own needs, which do not
necessarily overlap with each other. Therefore, in the logic of the FBS framework,
it means that different external worlds have be taken into account, each representing
the domain where to situate the different actors' needs.
According to the classification of the different stakeholders into four categories
Buyers (Buy), Users (U), Beneficiaries (Ben) and Outsiders (Out) proposed in
Cantamessa et al. ( 2012 ), the situated FBS model should then generally entail
four partially overlapping external worlds as depicted in Fig. 12.5 (left).
Besides, Interpreted and Expected worlds are proper of the designer mind: they
are several if diverse designers are considered, but for each of them there is of
course just one interpreted and one expected world. When considering a design
team, according to the specific objective of the study, one can merge the potentially
different interpreted and expected worlds of the different designers assuming that,
by working together, they do share their expectations and interpretations. The last
 
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