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Chapter 9
'Design-Society' Cycle: A Case Study
on the Story of Longitude
Amaresh Chakrabarti
Abstract The motive of design should be expanded beyond its current focus on the
design process, and should include understanding and possibly improvement of pre-
and post-design activities. This chapter undertakes a preliminary enquiry into the
broad processes that might constitute design, pre-design and post-design phases, and
proposes the 'design-society' cycle as a framework for further enquiry into these
processes, to understand their influence on: developing knowledge and experience
triggered in the societal mind by a product, subsequent transformation of this
knowledge and experience to form new product requirements, and further transfor-
mation of this knowledge and requirements to form new products. Experience of
individuals and valuation of experience are seen as keys to the development of this
knowledge, with the background of the individual, in particular her myriad identi-
ties, as a major influence in forming this experience. Using 'the story of longitude' as
a case study, the chapter deconstructs the design-society cycle to propose a number
of key questions that could form an agenda for further enquiry into the Cycle.
Keywords Collective experience • Design-society interaction • Societal mind
9.1
Introduction
According to Taura ( 2013 ) , the motive of design should be expanded beyond its
current focus on requirements which initiate the design process that spans from
initial requirements to a detailed product with the intent to satisfy these require-
ments (Pahl and Beitz 2002 ) . The expansion should encompass understanding, and
preferably improvement, of pre-design and post-design activities, where pre-design
involves development of initial requirements from information available in the
society, while post-design involves formation of knowledge from experiencing
the product in its life cycle.
This chapter undertakes a preliminary enquiry into the broad processes that
might constitute design, pre-design and post-design phases, and proposes the
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