Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
2.2 Early Cardiac Cell Models (1960-1988)
The Hodgkin-Huxley concept was first applied to cardiac cells by Noble [59, 60]. His
model of cardiac Purkinje fibres was relatively simple and had only five variables.
Upon availability of more experimental data, the model was updated twice, in the
1970s by McAllister et al. [57] and in the 1980s by DiFrancesco and Noble [14]. The
latter two models served as a basis for the development of more specific models of
ventricle, atrium, and sinoatrial node (Table 1).
2.3 Detailed Cardiac Cell Models (1989-2006)
According to current standards, the models developed during the first decades of
cardiac cell modelling (Table 1) were simple, with a small number of variables and
equations, and of generic nature, with limited specificity regarding species or location
within the heart. This changed rapidly during the subsequent period. Starting in the
late 1980s, a large number of cardiac cell models of increasing complexity have been
developed, taking advantage of the immense progress made in cardiac cellular
electrophysiology and the powerful computer resources that had become available
(Table 2). Among these models, the 'Luo-Rudy II' ventricular cell model [52], also
known as 'phase-2 Luo-Rudy' or 'LR2' model, has become a classical one. Several
more recent ventricular and atrial cell models have been built upon the Luo-Rudy
equations.
Table 1.
Early ionic models of mammalian cardiac cells (1960-1988)
Model
Parent model
Purkinje fibre models
Noble [59, 60]
-
McAllister et al. [57]
Noble [59, 60]
DiFrancesco and Noble [14]
McAllister et al. [57]
Ventricular cell models
Beeler and Reuter [1]
McAllister et al. [57]
Drouhard and Roberge [18]
Beeler and Reuter [1]
Atrial cell models
Hilgemann and Noble [33]
DiFrancesco and Noble [14]
Sinoatrial cell models (rabbit)
Yanagihara et al. [91]
-
Irisawa and Noma [36]
Yanagihara et al. [91]
Bristow and Clark [6]
McAllister et al. [57]
Noble and Noble [61]
DiFrancesco and Noble [14]
Since the Luo-Rudy II model was published in 1994, it has been updated several
times, thus creating the 'LRd model'. Although Table 2 may look exhaustive, it is
certainly not complete. In particular, many updates or extensions of models listed in
Table 2 exist. These can easily be retrieved through PubMed or related electronic
tools.
