Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
1.4 Estimating Toxic Industrial Chemical (TIC) Source
Emissions and the Hand-Off to Dispersion Models
S. Hanna
1
, R. Britter
2
, J. Weil
3
, O.R. Hansen
4
, R.I. Sykes
5
, J. Leung
6
,
P. Drivas
7
, and G. Lee
8
1
Hanna Consultants, Kennebunkport, ME, USA
2
Boston, MA, USA
3
University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
4
GexCon, Bergen, Norway
5
Sage Mgmt, Princeton, NJ, USA
6
Leung, Inc., Rancho Palos Verdes, CA, USA
7
Bedford, MA, USA
8
BakerRisk, San Antonio, TX, USA
Abstract
The literature on toxic industrial chemical (TIC) source emissions
formulations has been reviewed and specific equations suggested and evaluated
with observations. The main focus is on pressurized liquefied gases where the
concerns are foaming (level swell) and flashing in the vessel, amount of superheat,
length of pipe to flashing, size and location of hole, phase of release, and aerosol
drop size (rainout vs. entrained small aerosol drops). For high-priority TICs such
as chlorine, the release could be all-liquid, all-gas, or two phase depending on the
storage temperature and pressure. The two phase case is difficult and has been
under study for decades. Evaporation of boiling liquid pools are also discussed.
Relevant field and laboratory experiments have been reviewed and a subset used
for source emission model evaluation. General methods for the transition from the
source model to the dispersion model SCIPUFF are described. It is concluded that
the current dimensional criteria could be improved by having the transition criteria
based on fundamental physics relations expressed as non-dimensional criteria.
Keywords
Toxic industrial chemicals, source emissions of hazardous chemicals,
chlorine releases
