Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
water management, agriculture and forestry as well as air quality issues in urban
and industrialized areas (e.g. Black Triangle - a polluted region around the
common borders of the Czech Republic, Poland and Germany).
The concentration of air pollutants is affected by both anthropogenic and climate
factors. A main issue is the emission of primary pollutants as well as of precursors
of secondary pollutants coming either from anthropogenic activities or natural
sources. In this study the anthropogenic emission are kept at the values of year
2000 to study climate effect; although for present climate experiment it would me
more correct to use actual emission data for better comparison to observation, it
would increase the complexity of the study, while for future it would be difficult
to extract anthropogenic changes from the scenarios. Then, chemistry and transport
depend on changing climate conditions. Long range transport to the target regions
is taken into account by simulation for the whole Europe using RCM with the
resolution of 50 × 50 km. These simulations are used to constrain nested higher
resolution runs (10 × 10 km) for a smaller domain focusing in CEE both for
present and future climate. Here we are aiming the validation of the simulation,
the key species are ozone, sulphur and nitrogen as well as PM.
Regional climate in this study is simulated using model RegCM while chemistry
and transport are solved by model CAMx. The model RegCM was originally
developed and further improved by Giorgi et al. (1999) or later see e.g. in Pal et al.
(2007). For more details on the use of the model see Elguindi et al. (2006). CAMx
is an Eulerian photochemical dispersion model developed by ENVIRON Int.
Corp. (Environ, 2006). In version 4.40 CAMx is used for air quality modeling
here, with CB-IV gas phase chemistry mechanism option, wet deposition of gases
and particles. It uses mass conservative and consistent transport numerics in parallel
processing. It allows for integrated “one-atmosphere” assessments of gaseous and
particulate air pollution over many scales ranging from sub-urban to continental.
CAMx simulates the emission, dispersion, chemical reactions and removal of
pollutants in the troposphere by solving the pollutant continuity equation for each
chemical species on a system of nested three-dimensional grids.
2. Simulation Results and Comparison to Observations
The pre-processor utility was developed which provides the meteorological fields
generated by RegCM to drive CAMx transport, dry/wet deposition and through
the temperature, radiation and humidity chemical reactions as well. In addition to
above mentioned problem with availability of actual emissions there are problems
with the anthropogenic emission inventories resolution, at this stage emissions
from EMEP 50 × 50 km database are interpolated. Biogenic emissions of isopren
and monoterpenes are calculated as a function of 2 m temperature, global radiation
and land-use by Guenther et al. (1993, 1994). We use 23 vertical σ-levels reaching
up to 70 hPa at 10 km of resolution for RegCM configuration, the same horizontal
