Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1. PM2.5-10 emission factor (mg.vkt −1 ) for traffic related resuspension as a function of
road type for light and heavy duty traffic applied in the LOTOS-EUROS model
Road type
HW
RUR
URB
HDV
198
432
432
LDV
22
48
48
2.3. Resuspension by agricultural activities
Despite the poor knowledge and availability of observations, a first approach to
calculate the resuspension emission related to agricultural activities with the
LOTOS-EUROS model is made. The source function describes emission of mineral
dust from agricultural land based on the agricultural activity calendar. The emission
flux F ars is defined as follows:
F
=
C
EF
A
ars
operation
operation
operation
where EF operation (mg.m −2 ) is the emission factor for a specific agricultural
operation and A (m 2 ) is the arable surface area over which the emission occurs.
C operation (h −1 ) is a factor that accounts for the timing of each activity and its
duration. For now, we distinguish between land preparation activities (harrowing,
discing, cultivating and ploughing) using emission factor estimates by Öttl et al.
(2007) and harvesting activities using a corn harvesting emission factor (Gaffney
et al., 2003). Regional dependency is neglected in the present model setup. We
account for the effect by precipitation by neglecting emissions during rain events.
3. Results
The modelled annual average contribution of crustal material to PM10 is about
are modelled in
-3
over Europe (Fig. 1). Concentrations exceeding 3 µg m -3
2 µg m
densely populated area and over relatively dry and arid environments. The con-
tribution by wind erosion is generally less than 0.1 μg.m −3 and is less important
than the other modelled crustal material sources. Traffic resuspension contributes
0.3 μg.m −3 in rural area and up to 5 μg.m −3 or more in cities reflecting car use The
presently modelled contribution by agricultural activities is 2-3 μg.m −3 and
exceeds that of traffic resuspension over rural area. More details on these results
and a comparison with compiled set of observations will be presented at the
conference.
 
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