Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3.2
GHG emissions from India, Thailand and Philippines. (Source: Gadde et al.
2009
)
Country
GHG emission from open
field burning (t CO
2
eq/yr.)
Total GHG emission
(t CO
2
)
% contribution from
open field burning
India
556,165
1,218,928,500
0.05
Thailand
425,225
231,546,484
0.18
Philippines
412,803
6,345,154
0.56
water logging (F-D-F-M)), F-D-F and F-D-F-M systems significantly increased the
N
2
O emissions. A similar result was reported by Wange et al. Their study reported
that water management system significantly influences the N
2
O emissions from
rice fields. The study reported that average N
2
O emissions from rice fields under
mid-season drainage and continuous flooding treatments were 0.41 kg/N/ha
-1
and
0.28 kg/N/ha
-1
respectively. The study showed that N
2
O emission gets enhanced
mainly in the transition phase of the water management system and 50 % emission
reduction under both water management systems can be achieved by integrated ap-
plication of N fertilizers and rice straw.
5 Emission of GHGs due to Field-Burning
of Crop Residue
Burning of crop residue releases GHGs (CO
2
, CH
4
, and N
2
O), other trace gases
(CFCs, O
3
, CO, Non methane hydrocarbons) and particulate matter into the atmo-
sphere. Sahai et al. (
2007
) estimated that in the year 2000, about 85,623 Gg of dry
wheat residue was generated, of which about 21,406 Gg was openly burnt leading
to emission of about 68 ± 51 Gg, 34435 ± 682 Gg CO
2
and 14 ± 9 Gg N
2
O. The trace
gases released during burning of crop residue also have negative impact on human
health and natural environment (Cheng et al.
2000
). India's NATCOM (2004) used
IPCC methodology and estimated 56, 1 and 40 Gg of CH
4
, N
2
O and NOx in the year
1994 from in situ burning of wheat residue (Table
3.2
).
Gadde et al. (
2009
) estimated GHG emissions from crop residue burning in three
countries namely India, Thailand and Philippines. They reported that 23, 48 and
95 % of the crop residue produced is openly burnt in India, Thailand and Philippines
respectively.
6 Modelling GHG Emission from Agriculture
Various models have been used for estimation of various GHGs e.g., CH
4
emission,
MERES (Matthews et al.
2000
), DNDC (Li et al.
2005b
), DayCent (Del Grosso
et al.
2009
), InfoCROP (Aggarwal et al.
2004
) and WNMM (Li et al.
2005b
).
