Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
under oxidative stress, its transcription was transiently up-regulated
. Cat1
was up-
regulated by saline or oxidative stress but down-regulated by osmotic stress.
Fer1
was transcriptionally up-regulated by saline or oxidative stress but did not change
under osmotic stress.
Aegiceras corniculatum
is an another species of high concern. Six hundred
EST were obtained from the leaf SSH library of
A. corniculatum
under salt-stress
(Fu et al.
2005
).
P5CS
, which was related to osmotic regulation, and two aquaprin
genes, which participate in water transport (Maurel et al.
2001
) were up-regulated
in
A. corniculatum
by salt stress (Fu et al.
2005
). Expression patterns of these two
aquaprins also indicated that
A. corniculatum
could recover from long-term salt
stress and adapt to saline environment (Maurel et al.
2001
).
Bruguiera gymnorhiza
is a well-studied non-secreting true mangrove. Studies
on its response to high salinity have been conducted recently at both the gene and
genomic levels (Sugihara et al.
2000
; Miyama et al.
2006
; Miyama et al.
2007
;
Banzai et al.
2002a
; Banzai et al.
2002b
; Takemura et al.
2002
). For example, in
B. gymnorrhiza
oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 1 (OEE1), the protein was ini-
tially isolated and its corresponding gene was also obtained (Sugihara et al.
2000
).
Currently, there are also ongoing genomic studies of
B. gymonorrhiza
. Miyama
et al. (
2006
) established the first
B. gymonorrhiza
EST library, which collected
14,842 ESTs from leaves and roots after high salinity or hormone treatments. An-
other non-secreting true mangrove species
Ceriops tagal
has also been of concern
recently. More than 5,000 EST clones have been obtained from its root cDNA li-
brary and leaf SSH library of
Ceriops tagal
(Liang
2007
).
4 Climate Change and Mangroves
Global climate change is considered to have significant adverse effects on man-
groves. Global climate change and concomitant effects such as changes in temper-
ature and CO
2
, changes in precipitation patterns, storminess, and eustatic sea-level
rise as observed over recent decades, are mainly due to anthropogenic activities.
Increase in the Greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration in the atmosphere has been
the main cause for the observed warming over the last 50 years (Houghton et al.
2001
). Following account is based on the IUCN report by Elizabeth and Rodney
(
2006
).
4.1 Temperature
The increase in the Earth's temperature in the past 100 years has been more than
0.6 °C and it is projected to be 2-6 °C by 2100 mostly due to the anthropogen-
ic activities (Houghton et al.
2001
). The impact of the projected increases in sea
