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In-Depth Information
At least five specimens were tested for each polymer sample and three to five
close results were statistically averaged.
8.2.5.10 Thermogravimetric Analysis
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed on a STA 409PC thermo-
gravimetry instrument (Netzsch Corporation, Germany) at a heating rate of
15 1Cmin
1
.
8.2.5.11 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
For the TOPERMA/styrene resins, the DMA measurements were taken on a
DMA
รพ
450 instrument (01dB-Metravib Corporation, France) under tension
mode from
50 to 200 1C at a heating rate of 2 1Cmin
1
using a frequency
of 1 Hz. For DCPD-UPR-TO and UPR/COPERMA resins, the DMA tests were
performed on a DMA Q800 (TA Instruments, USA) instrument in single-
cantilever mode with an oscillating frequency of 1 Hz.
8.2.5.12 Scanning Electron Microscopy
SEM examinations of the fractured samples were performed on S4800 or
S3400 scanning electron microscopes (HITACHI Corporation, Japan). The
fractured surfaces were coated with gold prior to SEM observation.
8.3 Results and Discussion
8.3.1 Structures of the Oil-based UE Monomers and UPEs
8.3.1.1 TOPERMA Macromonomers
The products of the TO alcoholysis and maleinization reactions were char-
acterized by FT-IR,
1
H-NMR, and ESI-MS techniques. Figure 8.1 shows the
FT-IR spectra of TO, TOPER, and TOPERMA samples. Tung oil triglyceride
had the following characteristic bands: conjugated triene (3012, 991,
and 964 cm
1
), the strong ester carbonyl peak of the glycerides (1744 and
1050-1290 cm
1
), and methylene and methyl groups (2925 and 2854 cm
1
,
1463 and 1376 cm
1
). The TOPER product carried the characteristic features
of both PER and the glyceride structure i.e., the broad hydroxyl band (around
3352 cm
1
), the strong ester carbonyl peak (1739 cm
1
), and the character-
istic features of TO conjugated trienes (3012, 991 and 964 cm
1
). The ester
carbonyl peak at 1739 cm
1
was shifted from the peak of TO at 1744 cm
1
,
indicating the occurrence of the alcoholysis reaction. Meanwhile the ester
carbonyl peak of TOPER had a shoulder compared with the single peak of TO
at 1744 cm
1
, which indicates that TOPER contains two kinds of ester car-
bonyl groups. The primary alcohols of TOPER and the residual PER showed
bands at around 1045 cm
1
. The hydroxyl band of the alcoholysis product at
