Theoretical Background - Response of Flood Events to Land Use and Climate Change - page 41

response plan has not been formulated, these maps can be used in the event of a
disaster to direct relief to critical areas by the most reliable routes. Photographs are
one of the most effective ways of communicating the consequences of a hazard. If
photographs that are appropriate to the local nature of the hazard accompany
hazard maps, then more people are likely to pay attention to them. Communication
of the infrequent and probabilistic nature of the hazard is important, though dif-
ficult. This is particularly important in areas protected by levees. Hazard maps
should be made widely available in paper format to local communities and
authorities. They should be distributed to:
a. Those who may be involved in disaster-relief efforts;
b. The public; and
c. Those who may be in a position to implement mitigation measures.
For planning and evacuation procedures, the demand for flood information and
digital maps has been increased. Ideally, the key organizations involved in
disaster-relief efforts will have the maps displayed permanently on a wall, and will
have studied the maps and instituted disaster planning. Ideally, the public, com-
munity leaders, and government bodies will also study the maps and appreciate
that prevention is worthwhile, and implement appropriate mitigation measures.
Also, near full-scale disaster exercises may be conducted periodically to maintain
the readiness of disaster relief and management organizations, and to keep the
public aware of the potential hazard [ 22 ].
2.12 Chapter Summary
This chapter gave a comparative overview of the major challenges faced when
dealing with hydrodynamic simulation and flood hazard. In the first part, definition,
source, and implication of digital elevation model were explained. DEM is usually
produced form sampled or observed data. Spurious sinks or local depressions in
DEMs are frequently encountered and are a significant source of problems in
hydrological applications. In this case, application of interpolation techniques
seems to be necessary to correct DEMs. Therefore, in this part, the attempt was
introducing different interpolation techniques drainage network estimation coupled
with advantages and disadvantages of these methods and their application in dif-
ferent research fields. In the next part, flood hazard, concepts, definition, types, and
causes were defined. Then, the focus was on providing a background to climate
change and land use change as the most important triggering factors which affects
on flood events. This background was overviewed and estimated from global to
local (Barcelonnette area) based on different scientific researches. According to
previous researches, there have been adverse flood hazard changes due to climate
change. Many investigators believe that climate change is expected to have sub-
stantial impacts on hydrology on global, regional and local scale. According to
IPCC, increasing trend in temperature was distinguished about +0.90 C in Europe.