Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
rectified and resampled individually and later mosaiced with a resolution of
0.75 m per pixel in ArcGIS 9.3.
As a resample method the ''cubic convolution'' was chosen after visually
testing against the others. For aerial Photographs from 1956, the orthorectification
process of the images from this year is principally equal to that from 1995. For this
year, 29 images were available with a minimum scale of 1:39.400. By a scan
resolution of 600 ppi this represents a spatial resolution of at least 1.7 m per pixel.
As in the previous section, the parameters were fixed, but only the focal length of
the camera is known and can be used. The geometric relation was established by
109 tie points and 40 GCPs which were again identified on the orthophotograph
from 2004. The result of the iteration was a total RMSE of 3.16 pixels. The spatial
resolution for these photographs was fixated with 1.5 m per pixel [ 3 ].
Other available data useful for modeling and analysis hydrometric and mete-
orological data are explained in detail as follows:
• Hydrometric data: this included hourly discharge (m 3 /s) and was recorded at the
measurement station in Abattoir in Barcelonnette, only on 01.01.1981,
01.01.1982, 01.01.1983, 01.01.1984, 01.1.1985, 01.01.1986, 01.01.1987,
01.10.1988, 30.09.1991, 17.03.1995, 04.05.1999, 25.10.1999, 17.12.2004,
19.05.2006, and 30.05.2008. Monthly discharges were available from 1969 to
2009.
• Hydrometric data: this included hourly height of water (m) and also was
recorded at the measurement station in Abattoir in Barcelonnette for the period
of 1980-2009.
• The meteorological data: applied in this research, including precipitation and
temperature, provided by the meteorological organization in France, are as follows:
a. Hourly precipitation (mm) between 1998 and 2009 and monthly precipitation
from 1961 to 2009.
b. Monthly precipitation for Barcelonnette (1961-2009); Jausiers (1961-2009);
Uvernet (1954-2009); Condamine (1954-2004); Allos-Nord (1971-2009);
SaintPaul (1971-2009).
c. Daily and monthly temperature data (c) (Max, Min, Mean) between 1961
and 2009.
d. Daily and monthly maximum snow depth (1995-2005).
All available raw data are mentioned in Table 5.1 . These data were applied for
analyzing and modeling in this research.
Additionally, the local risk protection authority—Service de Restauration des
Terrains de Montage—Mountain and Restoration Service (RTM) and Plan
d'Exposition aux Risques (PER), in combination with the Municipality, had
prepared maps for risk assessment based on multiple natural hazards for the case
study region. Prévention des Risques Naturels (PPR) also provided the flood
hazard zone since 1995 onward. These two maps provided by Dr. Jean-Philippe
Malet from RTM, PER, and PPR, were applied in this research to compare the
flood simulation results.
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