Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Prostate Cancer Stem Cells
Elaine M. Hurt, George J. Klarmann, Brian T. Kawasaki, Nima Sharifi, and
William L. Farrar
Abstract Prostate cancer is the leading cancer diagnosed in males. Emer-
ging data suggests that cancer arises from only certain cells, termed cancer
stem cells, contained within the prostate. In this chapter we will discuss in
depth the prostate cancer stem cell. We detail the properties of both
normal prostate stem cells and cancer stem cells and discuss the identifica-
tion and isolation of the prostate cancer stem cells, including the current
knowledge of the surface markers used for identification. Furthermore, we
discuss the signaling pathways that are important in stem cell maintenance
and comment on what is known about these pathways in prostate cancer
stem cells and how these pathways, and others, may be targeted to inhibit
or kill the tumor-initiating cancer stem cells. In conclusion, we provide a
short discussion on the future directions for study of prostate cancer
stem cells.
Contents
1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
138
1.1 Prostate Cancer and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
138
1.2 The Prostate Gland Architecture and Morphogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
139
1.3 The Cancer Stem Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
141
1.4 Properties of Normal Stem Cells vs. Cancer Stem Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
142
2 The Cell of Origin of Normal and Cancerous Prostatic Stem Cells . . . . . . . . . . . .
143
3
Identification and Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
144
3.1 Side Populations as a Means of Stem Cell Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
145
3.2 Enrichment of Prostatic CSCs by Culturing Non-adherent Spheres . . . . . . .
146
3.3
Identification of Prostatic Cancer Stem Cells Through Surface Markers . . .
147
The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the
Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial
products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US Government.
E.M. Hurt (*)
Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, NCI-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Building 560,
Room 21-81, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
