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enhancement of anthocyanin production from calli cultures of
C. roseus
was de-
veloped by Taha et al. (
2008
). The highest values 78.73 μg/gm of total anthocyanin
production were recorded with
Catharanthus
calli cultures, when the MS medium
was amended with 3 and 0.5 μM of L-phenylalanine and CaCl
2
respectively.
Binder et al. (
2009
) recorded a considerable enhancement in the production of
TIAs on
C. roseus
hairy roots by exposing UV-B light. Alkaloid concentrations
were analyzed up to 168 h after UV-B exposure that shows a considerable increase
in the accumulation of lochnericine and considerable decrease in the accumulation
of hörhammericine over time. In
in vitro
cell suspension, rootless shoot cultures and
hairy roots of
C. roseus
effects of different abiotic agents like SA, ethylene and MJ
on alkaloid accumulation was described (Vázquez-Flota et al.
2009
). Jasmonate and
ethylene treatments promoted ajmalicine accumulation; catharanthine and ajmali-
cine were stimulated by jasmonate in hairy roots, catharanthine accumulation was
only induced by ethylene. In shoot cultures a positive vindoline accumulation was
noticed under the influence of jasmonate and ethylene whereas in any of the studied
in vitro
culture systems, SA did not spot any effect. Ruiz-May et al. (
2009
) noted
enhanced accumulation of alkaloids (ajmalicine, serpentine, ajmaline and cathar-
anthine) in
C. roseus
hairy roots with different concentrations of MJ elicitation.
Senoussi et al. (
2009
) reported that the lack of oxygenation in the culture medium
provoked a very strong inhibition in accumulation of alkaloids and the addition
of BA to the culture medium restored accumulation by increasing the ajmalicine
production and eliminated the inhibitory effect of hypoxia. In Egyptian
C. roseus
,
suspension culture was induced from leaf explants and the influences of different
amino acids (L-tryptophan L-glutamine; L-asparagine; L-cystine and L-arginine)
at different concentrations were examined for enhanced production of indole al-
kaloids. With modified MS medium containing 300 mg/l of either L-glutamine or
L-typtophan the highest biomass and indole alkaloids production were achieved
(Taha et al.
2009
). Poutrin et al. (
2009
) demonstrated that calcium regulated the
auxin-dependent monoterpenoid indole alkaloid (MIA) biosynthesis in
C. roseus
.
Mustafa et al. (
2009
) examined the metabolic profile of
C. roseus
suspension using
NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis under the effect of SA. The data
revealed that in SA treated cells high level of sugars (glucose and sucrose) were
accumulated after treatment and/thereafter an active variation in tryptamine, amino
acids and phenylpropanoids were observed. VCR production in callus culture of
C.
roseus
was affected by auxin and cytokinin (Kalidass et al.
2010
). The accumulation
of VLB, vindoline and catharanthine in
C. roseus
was monitored under the influence
of several agents (Pan et al.
2010
). A noteworthy increase in VLB, vindoline and
catharanthine was recorded down under SA and ethylene treatments, while abscisic
acid and gibberellic acid had shown a negative effect on the accumulation of the
same alkaloids. MJ treatment was not effective on the synthesis of these alkaloids
and chlormequat chloride lowered the concentration of vindoline and catharanthine
but it improved the accumulation of VLB. In the presence of flavin mononucleotide
and manganese ions coupling reaction between catharanthine and vindoline occurs
non-enzymatically at NUV light irradiation
in vitro
(Asano et al.
2010
). It was also
noted that the catharanthine and vindoline synthesis reduced and those of dimeric
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