Arsenic Stress in Plants: An Inside Story - Crop Improvement: New Approaches and Modern Techniques - page 379

Fig. 13.1 Various forms of arsenic present in the environment. (Adapted from http: elements.
geoscienceworld.org)
on As(III). Phytotoxic effects commonly observed from As exposure includes
growth inhibition, chlorophyll degradation, nutrient depletion and oxidative stress
(Moreno-Jiménez et al. 2012 ). As(III) can react with sulphahydryl groups of en-
zymes and proteins, which lead to loss of function and can cause cell death. As(V)
can compete with phosphate, replacing it in key molecules, including ATP (Scott