Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
of genes, fairly being fast, sensitive and productive. Proteomics science has become
an important source for generating information on physiological, biochemical, ge-
netic and architectural aspects. This approach has gained recognition in revealing/
characterising individuals or mutants or lines, estimation of genetic variability, es-
tablishment of genetic distances to be used in phylogentic studies (Thiellement et al.
1999 ). It has turned out to be most promising technique that is able to characterize
proteins showing differential expression or post-transcriptionally modified during
a complex developmental process like senescence. Application of proteomics has
brought about a great deal of improvement in agricultural production (Xu et al.
2006 ). It has been revealed by Salon et al. 2001 , using proteomics that during seed
filling, supply of N from the mother plant helps in assimilation of proteins in the
seeds. In legumes, this N is accumulated either from exogenous nitrogen supplied
in soil/atmosphere assimilated by the symbiotic fixation or from the nitrogen that
is translocated from vegetative parts. In monocarpic species, nitrogen mobilization
such as in pea, for seed filling is tightly linked to the senescence of vegetative parts,
which is brings about decrease in protein and chlorophyll content, followed by leaf
yellowing.Nitrogen availability and type of nitrogen source also initiate a complex
and still not fully understood metabolic rearrangement (Wek et al. 2004 ; Wang et al.
2012b ). Kolkman et al. 2006 , showed that limitations and availability of N results in
the induced proteins belonging to the category 'metabolism' reflecting a significant
metabolic rearrangement in yeast enabling it to adapt to the nutrient availability.
Lin et al. 2005 in an effort to understand N metabolism and its regulation studied
the response of nitrogen limitation in cultured Monascus cells and identified pro-
teins playing role during the nitrogen-limited media and C/N ratio. These researches
demonstrates that proteomics provide means of exploring biological processes by
methodical examination of a large number of expressed proteins that bridges se-
quence information and functional genomics.
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
The developed countries have contributed enormously in research in crop improve-
ments, development of new fertilizers and adapted better management practices.
This have attributed to improved NUE that greatly exceeds from that in developing
countries. Promotion of improved N management practices and technologies might
reduce N losses in the environment. However, efforts to increase NUE at farm level
needs a combination of improved technologies/knowledge and carefully crafted lo-
cal policies that will help in sustaining yield increases. In this Omics era, the trend is
now to search the mechanism/s in detail to understand the nutrient use efficiencies
by the crop plants. Though some basic steps in this path has been taken, there is a
lot of scope to explore the hidden mechanism fully by omics tools.
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