Agriculture Reference
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to be understood. Studies have revealed that nitrate signalling is affected by light,
though there are researches stating the involvement of 14-3-3 proteins also.Ca
2
+
and
protein kinases/ phosphatise are also known to be associated with nitrate signalling.
They have known to be involved in mediating the expression of NR, NiR and GS2
m RNAs through nitrate signal (Wang et al.
2012b
). Krapp et al. (
2002
) highlighted
the role played by Ca
2
+
dependent kinases in implicating nitrate and the other in-
volved signals. The role of light as an additional signal in regulation of NR gene
expression has been studied in number of previous studies. Lillo and Appenroth
2001
expressed the role of light in signalling and N-use efficiency, by revealing
the signals being transmitted through photosynthesis and sugars.Castaings et al.
2011
found ANR1 in
Arabidopsis thaliana
, an N-use efficiency transcription factor
homologous to the MADS box family and also known to play role in signalling.
He showed the nitrate-dependent stimulation leading to lateral-root proliferation
in transgenic plants. However, it is reported that ANR1 does not bring about tran-
scription of all the known nitrate responses even in the root.Transgenic Arabidop-
sis lines over expressing, a maize protein Dof1 was created by Yanagisawa et al.
(
2004
). Dof1 belonged to Dof family of plant-specific transcription factors that are
known to stimulate C-metabolizing genes. This research revealed the fact that Dof1
transcription factor can carry coordinated expression of nitrate-responsive genes
involved in N and C metabolites. This approach could be one of the new targets for
future metabolic-engineering efforts (Lochab et al.
2007
).
Understanding NUE Through Proteomics
Uptake of nutrients from the surroundings in order to maintain energy, metabolism
and growth is the main concern all living organisms. Organism therefore, enfolds
and evolves numerous programs so that they are able to adapt to changing environ-
ment. Such processes are involved in immediate responses that include changes in
metabolites, activation or inhibition of enzymes, slower processes are also involved
like changes in the levels of macromolecules. The online availability of genome se-
quences of model plants has assisted technologies that permit inclusive analysis of
global mRNA profiles, expanding the horizon to screen the transcriptional program-
ming within cells in response to change in their environment (Daran-Lapujade et al.
2004
). The use of methods for protein identification has brought about advancement
in studying descriptive analysis of protein patterns. Two-dimensional gel electro-
phoresis (2-DE), has been a turnover in this field that brought about transformation.
Thus, combining metablomics, transcriptomics and proteomics techniques, together
forms a powerful tool for functional genomics analysis, these days effectively used
in plant studies (Kusano et al.
2011
; Amiour et al.
2012
). Proteomics has proved
itself as a vital tool for analysing the differences occurring in the protein profile
caused due to environmental conditions, gene mutations, introduction or silencing
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