Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
R
2
O
HO
R
2
O
HO
20
20
H
H
12
12
H
H
3
3
6
R
1
O
HO
H
H
Protopanaxadiol-type
OR
1
Protopanaxatriol-type
R
1
R
2
Ginsenoside
R
1
R
2
Ginsenoside
O1
Rb
1
-glc(2-1)glc -glc(6-1)glc
O5
Re -glc(2-1)rha -glc
O6
Rf -glc(2-1)glc -H
O7
Rg
1
-glc -glc
O8
Rg
2
-glc(2-1)rha -H
O10
Rh
1
-glc -H
O2
Rb
2
-glc(2-1)glc -glc(6-1)ara
p
O3
Rc
-glc(2-1)glc -glc(6-1)ara
f
O4
Rd
-glc(2-1)glc -glc
O9
Rg
3
-glc(2-1)glc -H
O11
Rh
2
-glc -H
20
HO
H
12
H
3
glc(2-1)glc-O
H
O12
Ginsenoside Rg
5
Figure 14.15
Structures of
Panax
ginsenosides.
by cultivated ginseng or “true” ginseng. Species include American ginseng (
P.
quinquefolium
L.), cultivated in North America; Japanese ginseng (
P. japonicus
(Nees.) C.A. Mey., widely distributed in Japan; San-chi ginseng (
P. notoginseng
(Burk.) F.H. Chen), reputed as a tonic and hemostatic in China; and Siberian
ginseng (
Eleutherococcus senticosus
Maxim.).
14.3.2.1 Asian ginseng (
Panax ginseng
C.A. Meyer)
Many compounds have
been isolated from the root of Asian ginseng: polysaccharides, glycopeptides
(panaxanes), vitamins, sterols, amino acids and peptides, essential oil, and
polyalkynes (139-141). About 30 saponins (called ginsenosides) isolated from
the root are dammarane triterpenoids, which generally contain three or four
hydroxyl (OH) groups [a 3
β
,12
β
,20(
S
) trihydroxylated-type (protopanaxadiol-
type) and a 3
β
,6
α
,12
β
,20(
S
) tetrahydroxylated-type (protopanaxatriol-type)],
which are attached to various sugars. The individual saponins (e.g., ginsenosides
Rb
1
−
2
, Rc-f, Rg
1
−
3
,andRh
1
−
2
,
O1
-
O11
) differ in the mono-, di-, or
tri-saccharide nature of the two sugars attached at the C-3 or C-6 and C-20
