Information Technology Reference
In-Depth Information
U
C
A
G
UUU
UUC
UUA
UUG
UCU
UCC
UCA
UCG
UAU
UAC
UAA
UAG
UGU
UGC
UGA
UGG
U
C
A
G
Phe - F
Tyr - Y
Cys - C
U
Ser - S
stop
stop
Leu - L
stop
Trp - W
CUU
CUC
CUA
CUG
CCU
CCC
CCA
CCG
CAU
CAC
CAA
CAG
CGU
CGC
CGA
CGG
U
C
A
G
His - H
C
Leu - L
Pro - P
Arg - R
Gln - Q
AUU
AUC
AUA
AUG
ACU
ACC
ACA
ACG
AAU
AAC
AAA
AAG
AGU
AGC
AGA
AGG
U
C
A
G
Asn - N
Ser - S
Ile - I
A
Thr - T
Lys - K
Arg - R
Met - M
start
GUU
GUC
GUA
GUG
GCU
GCC
GCA
GCG
GAU
GAC
GAA
GAG
GGU
GGC
GGA
GGG
U
C
A
G
Asp - D
G
Val - V
Ala - A
Gly - G
Glu - E
Figure 1.6.
The genetic code as expressed in mRNA. Three of the 64 codons are
stop signals. The start codon also codes for metionine. Note that the code is
redundant with many codons coding for the same amino acid. The amino acid
corresponding to each codon is given by the three-letter and one-letter
abbreviation often used in describing amino acid sequences in proteins.
the gene (Figure 1.7). It is worth mentioning that ribosomes - key particles in
this complex process of protein synthesis - are huge macromolecular struc-
tures composed of numerous proteins and another class of RNA molecules,
ribosomal RNAs. Like tRNAs, rRNAs also have unique three-dimensional
structures. Not surprisingly, rRNAs also participate as real enzymes in the
myriad of chemical reactions that occur in the ribosomal machine.
Fortunately for us, the chemical intricacies of translation are of limited
interest in a computer system like gene expression programming. In a
