Digital Signal Processing Reference
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ideal solution for the combination of an electronic travel pass with an open financial
exchange system. However, the question of when the electronic purse of the German
ZKA (ec-card) will be available as a dual interface card, and what quantities will exist,
must remain unanswered for the present. However, VISA has already announced that
it will integrate its VISA cash chip, previously based upon contact technology, into a
combichipinMadrid.
The envelope solution, in which a contactless 'adapter' turns the contact smart card
into a contactless pass, offers the advantage over the above-mentioned variants that the
microprocessor smart cards already in circulation can be made usable as contactless
cards without changing the cards themselves (Figure 13.10).
The envelope solution is central to ICARE ('Integration of contactless technologies
into public transport environment'). This EU-supported project is oriented towards
the use of open electronic exchange systems in local public transport systems
(Lorenz, 1998a). The field trials for this project, which was started as early as 1996,
will be performed in various European regions.
In Paris, the largest European conurbation, 40 000 RATP staff and 4000 passengers
have already been equipped with an envelope. As an additional feature, an emer-
gency call feature has been developed that is currently being tested in the metro.
This feature can be triggered by means of the envelope. In addition to the enve-
lope concept, the development of a disposable ticket was also given some priority
in Paris.
In Venice, a town with a high proportion of day trippers, several landing stages
have been fitted with contactless readers. In addition to the contactless ticket function,
a central feature in Venice is the multifunctionality of the concept. The card can be
used in museums, hotels, or as a car park ticket. In the district of Constance on Lake
Constance, after an initial field trial in Autumn 1996, a second field trial was initiated
Figure 13.10
The contactless FlexPass of the district of Constance showing the GeldKarte and
envelope (reproduced by permission of TCAC GmbH, Dresden)
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