Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
addition, further aspects related to the respective conversion technology are dis-
cussed in depth.
1.3.3 Economic and environmental analysis
The different options to convert renewable energy sources into end or useful en-
ergy are assessed economically as well as environmentally by means of selected
reference plants. In the following, the pertinent terms, definitions as well as the
approach are discussed on which the economic and environmental assessment is
based.
Definition of reference plants. Based on the current market spectrum, appropri-
ate reference plants are defined according to the present state of technology.
These reference technologies are described and discussed within each chapter. In
this respect, heat and power provision must be distinguished. For the options of
heat provision, supply tasks are also defined, because no nation-wide heat distri-
bution grids exist and heat provision must always be considered in the context of
secured consumer supply. In addition, the respective renewable energy supply to
be tapped by the reference plants is defined. These typical plants for the current
situation will later on serve as a basis for the actual economic and environmental
analyses.
Heat provision. As supply tasks for the heat provision, three different single fam-
ily houses (SFH) with a different heat demand, one multiple family house (MFH),
as well as three district heating networks (DH) of different sizes are analysed. Ac-
cording to Table 1.1 these supply tasks are characterised by heat demand for do-
mestic hot water and space heating (SFH and MFH) or the corresponding total
heat demand (DH). The analysed single-family-houses represent the heat demand
of a low-energy house (SFH-I), a building realised with state-of-the-art heat insu-
lation (SFH-II), as well as a building with heat insulation typical for Central
Europe (SFH-III). The multiple family house is a building of 15 flats built in
compliance with state-of-the-art insulation standards.
Table 1.1 Supply tasks for heat provision
Small scale systems
Large scale systems
SFH-I a
SFH-II b
SFH-III c
Demand case
MFH
DH-I
DH-II
DH-III
Domestic hot water demand in GJ/a 10.7 10.7 10.7 64.1
Space heating demand d in GJ/a 22 45 108 432 8,000 26,000 52,000
Building / Total heat load e in kW 5 8 18 60 1,000 3,600 7,200
a corresponds to low-energy housing construction; b corresponds to state-of-the-art heat insulation; c corresponds to
average heat insulation in Central Europe; d excluding transmission losses of boiler and domestic hot water storages
or distribution losses (district heating network and house substations); e in case of district heating networks of all
connected consumers.
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