Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
tricity from the synchronous generators is fed into the high voltage grid via two
transformers and a metal-clad SF 6 -(sulphur hexafluoride)-switchboard plant.
The hours at peak load (theoretical) of the analysed plants are in line with the di-
mensions typical for such plants installed in Europe. The technical lifetime of the
structural components is assumed to be 70 years and the machinery plant compo-
nents to be 40 years. For the plants' own use, 1 % of the produced electrical en-
ergy has been assumed.
Table 8.1 Technical parameters of the analysed reference systems
Reference plant
I
II
III
IV
Nominal power
in MW
0.032
0.3
2.2
28.8
Type of power station
low-pressure
low-pressure
low-pressure
low-pressure
Turbine type
Kaplan
Kaplan
Kaplan
Kaplan
Head
in m
8.2
4.6
5.9
8.0
in m 3 /s
Design flow
0.5
8
40
425
Full load hours
in h/a
4,000
5,000
5,000
6,000
Annual work (gross) in GWh/a
0.128
1.5
11
173
In order to be able to estimate the costs for these hydroelectric power stations
the investment costs and the operation costs are analysed initially. The specific
electricity generation costs are derived from these costs.
Investments. The plant costs are mainly the expenditure for the structural compo-
nents (i.e. power house, dam, water intake, gates, screen and trash rack cleaner),
for the mechanical components (i.e. check valves, turbines), for the electrical en-
gineering components (i.e. generator, transformer, energy output) and the other
incidental expenses (i.e. acquisition of land, planning, authorisation).
These costs are very location-dependent; overall and generally valid guidelines
can therefore not be established. In many cases the costs for structural works are
40 to 50 % of the overall costs. Mechanical component costs (i.e. turbines, trans-
mission, and regulator) are approximately 20 to 25 % for larger plants and up to
30 % of the overall costs for small hydroelectric power stations. Roughly 5 to
10 % have to be set aside for electrical installations. What remains are miscella-
neous costs (i.e. planning costs, additional construction expenses, overheads,
building interest rates (i.e. interest payments on invested capital during the build-
ing period)). Independently, costs for today's increasingly comprehensive eco-
logical compensation measures can account for 10 to 20 % of the overall plant
costs. Especially for run-of-river power stations with a large catchment reach,
these expenditures (e.g. appropriate design and structuring of the reservoir fish
ladders) can lead to a significant increase in the overall costs.
An increase in plant size, however, generally leads to significantly lower in-
vestments. To give an example, the specific investments for new plants with elec-
trical power output of below 100 kW, the specific investments are between 7,700
and 12,800 €/kW. For new plants with an electrical power output of 1 to 10 MW,
they are as low as 4,100 to 4,600 €/kW (Fig. 8.19).
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