Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
260
260
400
400
Hamburg
Hamburg
Hohenpeißenberg
Hohenpeißenberg
240
240
Maximum value
Standard deviation
Mean value
Standard deviation
Minimum value
Maximum value
Standard deviation
Mean value
Standard deviation
Minimum value
Maximum value
Standard deviation
Mean value
Standard deviation
Minimum value
Maximum value
Standard deviation
Mean value
Standard deviation
Minimum value
350
350
220
220
200
200
300
300
180
180
250
250
160
160
140
140
200
200
120
120
100
100
150
150
80
80
100
100
60
60
40
40
50
50
20
20
0
0
0
0
123456789 0 1
123456789 0 1
2
2
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
Time in months
Time in months
Time in months
Time in months
200
200
240
240
Kassel
Kassel
Berlin
Berlin
Maximum value
Standard deviation
Mean value
Standard deviation
Minimum value
Maximum value
Standard deviation
Mean value
Standard deviation
Minimum value
Maximum value
Standard deviation
Mean value
Standard deviation
Minimum value
Maximum value
Standard deviation
Mean value
Standard deviation
Minimum value
220
220
180
180
200
200
160
160
180
180
140
140
160
160
120
120
140
140
100
100
120
120
100
100
80
80
80
80
60
60
60
60
40
40
40
40
20
20
20
20
0
0
0
0
123456789
123456789
0
0
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
Time in months
Time in months
Fig. 2.42 Monthly precipitation levels including standard deviation, maximum and mini-
mum values for the example of four sites in Germany (captured between 1961 and 1999;
data see /2-12/)
Time in months
Time in months
Due to the very irregular precipitation during the day, stating mean daily curves
would not make sense. In an approximation, a stochastic occurrence of precipita-
tion can be assumed for Central Europe. This might be different in tropical areas,
for instance.
River systems, runoff and runoff characteristic. The runoff from a specific area
is determined more or less pronouncedly by the precipitation outlined above. This
flowing off water is drained in streams and rivers. Here, the runoff is concentrated
and thus bodies of flowing water are possible sites for using hydro power for en-
ergy provision.
Fig. 2.43 shows the main rivers systems with their respective catchment areas
for the example of Austria. The map clearly indicates that Austria is well drained
by numerous streams and rivers interconnected with each other. Due to the rela-
tive high precipitation level, the density of flowing water bodies is relatively high.
Also because of the country's mountainous character, the possibilities to use the
energy stored within these rivers and lakes are quite promising. This is one of the
reasons why Austria is a country with a very high share of electricity generation
related to the worldwide electricity generation.
Some of the streams and rivers shown in Fig. 2.43 are partly filled with water
that has fallen as precipitation in areas outside of Austria. This share in external
water is not part of the energy supply resulting from precipitation over Austria.
When developing an overall energy balance such effects have to be taken into
consideration.
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