Environmental Engineering Reference
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Fig. 4.2
The ecological landscape model background: mosaic versus resources
The above holistic approach in landscape research constitutes the foundation
for the new approach based on biocultural landscape proposed here. Holistic
landscape research is further illustrated with the ecological, cultural and sacred
heritage of our landscapes.
4.2 Ecological Landscape and Heritage
The natural and the cultural components of landscape are the two pillars in holistic
landscape research. Natural landscape is generally understood as a landscape
unaffected by human activity. Yet this notion can rarely be applied today, par-
ticularly in places built on ancient civilisations as they have been under the
influence of people for a long period of time; even a decision to 'keep areas wild'
reflects human choice and intervention.
Nevertheless, ecological landscape is a landscape with ecological character and
components. In the holistic approach it is perceived as inclusive of abiotic, biotic
and human factors (Pungetti 1991 ) and it reflects ecological principles to its design
and planning.
Ecological landscape design and planning, in turn, support the conservation and
development of landscape considering the ecological patterns, processes and
functions of a site. They therefore sustain the preservation and creation of land-
scapes and habitats that enhance their interconnected human and natural local
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