Drug Delivery Systems That Eradicate and/or Prevent Biofilm Formation - Antibiofilm Agents: From Diagnosis to Treatment and Prevention - page 403

Table 2 Liposomal formulations for antibiofilm drug delivery

Biofilm-producing
target organism Formulation Encapsulated drug Reference

Liposome Penicillin G Staphylococcus

aureus

Kim and Jones ( 2004 )

Liposome Gentamicin Pseudomonas

aeruginosa

Halwani et al. ( 2008 )

Solid supported
liposome

Triclosan Streptococcus

oralis

Catuogno and Jones
( 2003 )

Liposome Vancomycin Staphylococcus

aureus

Kim et al. ( 1999 )

Liposome Amikacin Pseudomonas

aeruginosa

Meers et al. ( 2008 )

Cationic nanoliposomes Rifampin Staphylococcus

epidermidis

Sharif et al. ( 2012a , b )

Liposome Amphotericin-B Candida albicans Ramage et al. ( 2013 )

Liposome Bismuth-thiol and

tobramycin

Pseudomonas
aeruginosa

Halwani et al. ( 2009 )

Liposome Clarithromycin Pseudomonas

aeruginosa

Alhajlan et al. ( 2013 )

Liposomes Bismuth-

ethanedithiol
with tobramycin

Pseudomonas
aeruginosa

Alipour et al. ( 2010 )

Liposome combined
beta-TCP scaffold

Gentamicin Staphylococcus

aureus

Zhu et al. ( 2010 )

Mannosylated liposome Metronidazole Staphylococcus

aureus

Vyas et al. ( 2007 )

with a controlled size distribution. Particle properties such as size, zeta potentials,
and drug release profiles can be precisely tuned by selecting different polymer
lengths, surfactants, and organic solvents during the synthesis. Functional groups
present on the surface of polymeric nanoparticles can be chemically modified with
either drug moieties or targeting ligands (Tanihara et al. 1999 ).
In the past few years, the use of biocompatible or biodegradable polymers has
gained importance in the medicinal field as antimicrobial carriers against biofilms
(Table 2 ). Although molecules that undergo bio-erosion are also used interchange-
ably with biodegradation, the two differ; erosion occurs by the dissolution of chain
fragments in non-cross-linked systems without chemical alterations to the molec-
ular structure, while biodegradation occurs through the covalent bond cleavage by a
chemical reaction. Both biodegradation and erosion can occur as a surface or bulk
process. In surface degradation the polymeric matrix is progressively removed from
the surface, but the polymer volume fraction remains almost unchanged. In con-
trast, during bulk degradation no significant changes occur in the physical size of
the polymer until it is nearly completely degraded or eroded. Among these prod-
ucts, polymeric microspheres, polymer micelles, and hydrogel-type materials have
been shown to be effective nanocarriers in enhancing drug targeting specificity,