Biomedical Engineering Reference
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biofilm formation and cell attachment in vitro. Further evidence was provided by
implantation of grafts (soaked in hamamelitannin) into an animal model, which
drastically decreased the bacterial load in comparison to the controls (Kiran
et al.
2008
). Two furocoumarins, bergamottin (structure 25) and dihydroxyber-
gamottin (structure 26), isolated from grape fruit juice, were shown to have strong
AI-1 and AI-2 inhibitory activities at concentrations as low as 1
ΚΌ
g/mL. Further
investigation showed that both compounds inhibited biofilms made by
E. coli
O157:H7,
Salmonella typhimurium
, and
P. aeruginosa
, without inhibition of bac-
terial growth (Girennavar et al.
2008
). Vanillin (structure 27) (4-hydroxy-3-
methoxybenzaldehyde), a well-known food flavoring agent, was studied for its
QSI properties against different individual acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) mole-
cules using bioindicator strains. Vanillin showed significant inhibition in short-
chain [C4-HSL (69 %) and 3-Oxo-C8-HSL (59.8 %)] and long-chain AHL mole-
cules. Biofilm formation by
A. hydrophila
on a polystyrene surface was also
inhibited up to 46.3 %. Results suggested that vanillin could be used as a potential
QSI compound that reduces biofilm formation on RO membranes (Ponnusamy
et al.
2009
).
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CO
2
H
H
H
CH
3
HO
CH
3
CH
3
H
23
HO
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
OH
O
O
O
OH
HO
HO
O
24
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