Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Ecotage: Used to describe illegal acts of vandalism and violence committed in the
name of environmental protection.
Ecoterrorism: A neologism for terrorism that includes sabotage intended to hinder
activities that are considered damaging to the environment.
Euroterrorism: Associated with left-wing terrorism of the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s
involving the Red Brigade, Red Army Faction, and November 17th Group,
among other groups targeting American interests in Europe and NATO.
Other groups include Orange Volunteers, Red Hand Defenders, Continuity
IRA, Loyalist Volunteer Force, Ulster Defense Association, and First of
October Anti-Fascist Resistance Group.
Fallout: The descent to the Earth's surface of particles contaminated with radioac-
tive material from a radioactive cloud. The term can also be applied to the
contaminated particulate matter itself.
Fatah: Meaning “conquest by means of jihad,” Fatah is a political organization cre-
ated in the 1960s and led by Yasser Arafat. With both a military and intelli-
gence wing, it has carried out terrorist attacks on Israel since 1965. It joined
the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1968. Since 9/11, Fatah has
been blamed for attempting to smuggle 50 tons of weapons into Israel.
Fatwa: A legal ruling regarding Islamic law.
Fedayeen Saddam: Iraq's paramilitary organization, which is said to be equivalent
to the Nazi SS, The militia is loyal to Saddam Hussein and is responsible
for using brutality on civilians who are not loyal to the policies of Saddam.
They do not dress in uniform.
Filtrate: In ultrafiltration, the water that passes through the membrane and contains
particles smaller than the molecular weight cutoff of the membrane.
Frustration-aggression hypothesis: A hypothesis that every frustration leads to
some form of aggression and every aggressive act results from some prior
frustration. According to Ted Robert Gurr, an authority on political con-
flict and instability, “The necessary precondition for violent civil conflict is
relative deprivation, defined as actors' perception of discrepancy between
their value expectations and their environment's apparent value capabili-
ties. This deprivation may be individual or collective.”
Fundamentalism: Conservative religious authoritarianism. Fundamentalism is not
specific to Islam; it exists in all faiths. Characteristics include literal inter-
pretation of scriptures and a strict adherence to traditional doctrines and
practices.
Geneva Protocol 1925: The 1925 Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use
in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases and Bacteriological
Methods of Warfare, the first treaty to prohibit the use of biological weapons.
Germ warfare: The use of biological agents to harm targeted people either directly,
by bringing the people into contact with the agents, or indirectly, by infect-
ing other animals and plants which would in turn cause harm to the people.
Glanders: An infectious bacterial disease known to cause inflammation in horses,
donkeys, mules, goats, dogs, and cats. Human infection has not been seen
since 1945, but because so few organisms are required to cause disease, it is
considered a potential agent for biological warfare.
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