Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
is pumped through an evaporator containing a working fluid in a closed
Rankine-cycle system. The vaporized fluid drives a turbine/generator.
Oligohaline:
Low salinity (0.5 to 5 parts per thousand).
Oscillating water column (OWC):
A partly submerged structure (collector) that
is open to the sea below the water surface so that it contains a column of
water. Air is trapped above the surface of the water column. As waves enter
and exit the collector, the water column moves up and down and acts like
a piston on the air, pushing it back and forth. The air is channeled toward
a turbine and forces it to turn. The turbine is coupled to a generator to pro-
duce ele ct r icit y.
Other biomass:
A category of biomass energy that includes agricultural byproducts/
crops (agricultural byproducts, straw); other biomass gas (digester waste
alcohol); other biomass liquids (fish oil, liquid acetonitrite waste, tall oil,
waste alcohol); and other biomass solids (medical waste, solid byproducts,
sludge waste, tires).
Other forest land:
Forest land other than timberland and reserved forest land. It
includes available forest land that is incapable of annually producing 20
cubic feet per acre of industrial wood under natural conditions because of
adverse site conditions such as sterile soils, dry climate, poor drainage, high
elevation, steepness, or rockiness.
Other removals:
Unutilized wood volume from cut or otherwise killed growing
stock, from cultural operations such as precommercial thinnings, or from
timberland clearing. Does not include volume removed from inventory
through reclassification of timberland to productive reserved forest land.
Other sources:
Sources of roundwood products that are not growing stock. These
include available dead, rough, and rotten trees; trees of non-commercial
species; trees less the 5.0 inches d.b.h.; tops; and roundwood harvested from
non-forest land (e.g., fence rows).
Overtopping terminator:
A floating reservoir structure with a ramp over which the
waves topple and hydroturbines through which the water returns to the sea.
The head of collected water turns the turbines as it flows back out to sea and
the turbines are coupled to generators to produce electricity.
P
Packer:
Device that can be placed in the wellbore to block vertical fluid flow so as
to isolate zones.
Palustrine forested wetlands:
Riparian wetlands found next to rivers and lakes and
those isolated from any surface watercourse that are dominated by trees,
including wooded swamps and low-lying hardwood forests near rivers.
Sixty-eight percent of the wetlands in the Chesapeake Bay watershed are
forested.
Palustrine wetlands:
Nontidal wetlands dominated by trees, shrubs, persistent
emergents, emergent mosses or lichens, and all tidal wetlands where salin-
ity due to ocean-derived salts is below 0.5 ppt.
