Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Liner: A casing string that does not extend to the top of wellbore but instead is
anchored or suspended from inside the bottom of the previous casing string.
Liquid collector: A medium-temperature solar thermal collector, employed pre-
dominantly in water heating, which uses pumped liquid as the heat-transfer
medium.
Lithology: The study and description of rocks, in terms of their color, texture, and
mineral composition.
Live cull: A classification that includes live cull trees. When associated with volume,
it is the net volume in live cull trees that are 5.0 inches in d.b.h. and larger.
Living shorelines: Restored shorelines that use nature-based techniques such as marsh
plantings, beach nourishment, and low-profile oyster reefs, breakwaters, and
sills. In addition to protecting property from erosion, living shorelines provide
habitat for fish, birds, and other wildlife. Like undisturbed natural shorelines,
they also protect water quality by trapping excess nutrients and sediment.
Load: The simultaneous demand of all customers required at any specified point in
an electric power system.
Load balancing: Keeping the amount of electricity produced (the supply) equal to
the consumption (the demand). This is one of the challenges of wind energy
production, which produces energy on a less predicable schedule than other
methods.
Local solar time: A system of astronomical time in which the sun crosses the true
north-south meridian at 12 noon and which differs from local time accord-
ing to longitude, time zone, and equation of time.
Logging residues: The unused portions of growing stock and non-growing stock
trees cut or killed by logging and left in the woods.
Lost circulation: Zones in a well that imbibe drilling fluid from the wellbore, thus
causing a reduction in the flow of fluid returning to the surface. This loss
causes drilled rock particles to build up in the well and can cause problems
in cementing casing in place.
Low-speed shaft: Connects the rotor to the gearbox.
Low-temperature collectors: Metallic or nonmetallic solar thermal collectors that
generally operate at temperatures below 110°F and use pumped liquid or
air as the heat-transfer medium. They usually contain no glazing and no
insulation, and they are often made of plastic or rubber, although some are
made of metal.
Lumen: An empirical measure of the quantity of light based on the spectral sensitiv-
ity of the photosensors in the human eye under high (daytime) light levels.
Photometrically, it is the luminous flux emitted with a solid angle (1 stera-
dian) by a point source having a uniform luminous intensity of 1 candela.
M
Macroinvertebrates: The emphasis on aquatic insect studies, which has expanded
exponentially in the last three decades, has been largely ecological. With
regard to freshwater macroinvertebrates, they are ubiquitous; even polluted
waters contain some representative of this diverse and ecologically important
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