Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
c
From Brightsource Energy (2007) and Kelly (2006). Other water consumed for trough and tower technologies includes water for
washing mirrors and steam-cycle blowdown and make-up. Mirror soiling rates/washing rates are site and developer specific. There is
more uncertainty in other water consumed for dry-cooled trough/tower technologies than for wet-cooled technologies because fewer
dry-cooled plants have been built.
d
Dish/engine washing rates and other water use are not well documented and vary by site and developer. The estimate of 4 to 6 gal/
MWh is based on Leitner (2002) and CEC (2010b), as well as on industry knowledge.
e
Utility-scale PV washing rates and other water use are not well documented and vary by site and developer. The estimate of 0 to 5
gal/MWh is based on Aspen Environmental Group (2011) and on industry knowledge.
f
From USDOE (2006).
g
From NETL (2007, 2010). Cooling and other-generation values are for new subcritical and supercritical coal plants.
h
From NETL (2010). Cooling and other-generation values are for new subcritical and supercritical coal plants.
i
From NETL (2007, 2010).
j
From NETL (2010).
k
From EPRI (2002) and NETL (2007).
l
From Gleick (1993) and Gerdes and Nichols (2009).
