Chemistry Reference
In-Depth Information
classification factors for photochemical oxidation
formation.
5.
Hannon, B.
System Energy and Recycling: a Study of the
Beverage Industry
. Center for Advanced Computation,
University of Illinois, Urbana, 1972.
6.
Ayres, R. U.
Process Classification for the Industrial Mater-
ial Sector
, Technical Report. United Nations Statistical
Office, New York, 1978.
Human toxicity potential
Human toxicity potential (HTP) is calculated by
adding releases toxic to humans to three different
media, i.e. air, water and soil:
7.
Hunt, R. G., & Franklin, W. E.
Resources and Environ-
mental Profile Analysis of 9 Beverage Container Alternatives
,
Contract (68-01-1848). US EPA, Washington, DC,
1974.
8.
Boustead, I.
Environmental Impact of the Major Beverage
Packaging Systems—U.K. Data 1986 in Response to the
E.E.C. Directive 85/339.
INCPEN, London, 1989, pp.
1-4.
J
J
J
Â
Â
Â
E
=
ec
B
+
ec
B
+
ec
SS
kg
B
()
7
7
,
j
AA
j
7
,
j
W W
j
7
,
j
j
j
=
1
j
=
1
j
=
1
(A1.7)
9.
Fava, J., Dennison, R., Jones, B., Curran, M. A.,
et al
.
A Technical Framework for Life-Cycle Assessment.
SETAC
and SETAC Foundation for Environmental Education,
Inc., Washington, DC, 1991.
where
ec
7,
j
A
,
ec
7,
j
W
and
ec
7,
j
S
are human toxicological
classification factors for the effects of toxic emission
to air, water and soil, respectively, and
B
j
A
,
B
j
W
and
B
j
S
represent the respective emissions of different
toxic substances into the three media. The toxico-
logical factors are calculated using the acceptable
daily intake or the tolerable daily intake of the toxic
substances. The human toxicological factors are still
at an early stage of development so that HTP can be
taken only as an indication and not as an absolute
measure of the toxicity potential.
10.
Consoli, F., Allen, D., Boustead, I., Fava, J.,
et al
.
Guide-
lines for Life-Cycle Assessment: a
'
Code of Practice'
. SETAC,
Brussels, 1993.
11.
ISO.
Environmental Management—Life Cycle Assess-
ment—Principles and Framework
, ISO/DIS 14040.
HMSO, London, 1997.
12.
ISO.
Environmental Management—Life Cycle Assess-
ment—Goal and Scope Definition and Life Cycle Inventory
Analysis
, ISO/DIS 14041. HMSO, London, 1998.
13.
ISO.
Environmental Management—Life Cycle Assess-
ment—Life Cycle Impact Assessment
, ISO/CD 14042.
HMSO, London, 1998.
Aquatic toxicity potential
14.
ISO.
Environmental Management—Life Cycle Assess-
ment—Life Cycle Interpretation
, ISO/CD 14043. HMSO,
London, 1998.
Aquatic toxicity potential (ATP) can be calculated as:
15.
Azapagic, A., & Clift, R.
J. Cleaner Prod.
, 1999,
7
, 101.
J
Â
(
)
3
E
=
ec
B
m
(A1.8)
16.
Clift, R., Frischknecht, R., Huppes, G., Tillman, A.-M.,
& Weidema, B.
Toward a Coherent Approach to Life Cycle
Inventory Analysis
, Report of the Working Group on
Inventory Enhancement. SETAC-Europe, Brussels,
1998.
8
A
8
,
j
A
j
A
j
=
1
where
ec
8,
j
A
represents the toxicity classification
factors of different aquatic toxic substances and
B
j
A
are their respective emissions to the aquatic ecosys-
tems. The ATP is based on the maximum tolerable
concentrations of different toxic substances in water
by aquatic organisms. Similar to the HTP, classifica-
tion factors for ATP are still developing so it can be
used only as an indication of potential toxicity.
17.
PIRA.
PEMS 3 LCA Software and Database.
PIRA Inter-
national, Leatherhead, UK, 1995.
18.
Ecobalance.
DEAM—Database for Environmental Analy-
sis and Management.
Ecobalance UK, Arundel, West
Sussex, 1997.
19.
Azapagic, A., & Clift, R.
Int. J. LCA
, 1999,
4
, 357.
20.
Azapagic, A., & Clift, R.
Int. J. LCA
, 2000,
5
, 31.
21.
Heijungs, R., Guinee, J. B., Huppes, G., Lankreijer, R.
M.,
et al
.
Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Products:
Background and Guide.
MultiCopy, Leiden, 1992.
References
1.
The Brundtland Commission.
Our Common Future, The
Report of the World Commission on Environment and Devel-
opment.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1987.
22.
Bare, J. C., Hofstetter, P., Pennington, D. W., & Udo
de Haes, H. A. Midpoints versus Endpoints: the Sacri-
fices and Benefits.
International Journal of LCA
, 2000,
5
, 319.
2.
Azapagic, A., & Perdan, S.
Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. Part
B
, 2000,
78
, 243.
23.
Nicholas, M. J.
The Application of Environmental Life
Cycle Approaches to Industrial Pollution Control and Policy-
making: A Case Study of the Glass Industry. Volume 1
.
EngD Porfolio, University of Surrey, 2001.
3.
Azapagic, A.
Chem. Eng. J.
, 1999,
73
, 1.
4.
Boustead, I.
The Milk Bottle.
Open University Press,
Milton Keynes, 1972.
