Environmental Engineering Reference
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of ocean water. Horizontal and vertical movements are more common in oceans.
The horizontal movement refers to the ocean current and waves whereas the vertical
movement refers to the tides. In ocean currents, the low of water is in a deinite
direction whereas the waves are a horizontal motion of water. Water moves from
one place to another through ocean currents whereas water in waves does not move.
The primary force causing the movement of water in the ocean is the wind. The surface
wind plays a major role in ocean current waves. This is caused mainly because of the
energy received from the sun in the form of heat. The ocean currents are mainly of two
types, namely surface current (surface circulation which makes up to 10% of all the
water in the ocean) and deep water current (thermohaline circulation which makes up
to 90% of ocean). These ocean currents are mainly inluenced by two forces: primary
forces (which start the water moving) such as solar heating, winds, gravity and the
coriolis effect and the secondary forces which inluence where the current lows are
by surface circulation. The ocean current helps in the movement of organisms and
as well as the polymeric substrates thereby affecting the degradation of the polymer.
10 th
8 th
Front
2 nd
4 th
6 th
Front
10 th
8 th
2 nd
4 th
6 th
PU
GFRP
Back
Back
8 th
10 th
2 nd
4 th
6 th
8 th
4 th
Front
2 nd
10 th
6 th
Front
PET
SR
Back
Back
Figure 3.6 Biofouling of polymeric material exposed to a marine environment for
a period of one year (2 nd , 4 th , 6 th , 8 th and 10 th months) at Ennore Port, Chennai,
South India. The polymers used were: glass ibre reinforced polymers (GFRP),
isophthalic PET, polyether-based PU, and SR
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