A Framework for Designing Mobile Virtual Training Systems through Virtual Modeling Technology - Mobile and Pervasive Computing in Construction - page 47

Table 4.4 Application of Table 4.3 taxonomy to four equipment operator training cases

Distinguishing Factors Sample Examples

Buried
Dangerous
Waste
Removal

Crane
Operation

Telerobotic
Underwater
Pipeline
Inspection

Elevating
Platform

Degree of Work Site Accessibility Medium Medium Low Low

Degree of Stimulus Accessibility Low Medium Low Low

Degree of Task/Work Site Constancy Low High/Medium High Medium

Degree of Situational Awareness High High High Low

Degree of Mechanical Dexterity High/Medium Medium/Low Low High

Degree of Operational Criticality High Medium Low Medium

Suggested Training Mode AR VR/AR/AV AV Simulated/AV

words, is the working environment accessible, or is it dangerous to physically
situate in? An example of high end is the accessible construction work site in the
city. High work site accessibility can reduce the need for work site modeling. Low
end examples include high-rise operation, off-shore ocean platform crane oper-
ation, small tunnel telerobotic tunneling or inspection. The work site with low
accessibility will need to be modeled by computer. In this case, VR, AV, and
simulator might be a good choice, since they could create virtual working
environment according to the results in Table 4.2.
To facilitate the discussion, Table 4.4 shows an analysis of several examples of
specific VTS based on the taxonomy presented in Table 4.3. For example, in the
training task of operating construction equipment to remove buried dangerous
waste, the degree of work site accessibility is regarded as medium with training
stimulus regarded as highly dangerous to access. Therefore, stimulus should be
modeled in order to reduce the danger and cost involved in interacting with them.
The operation involves a high tendency of changes, which might occur indepen-
dently of the prescribed work activity and introduce unexpected disturbance and
interference into the prescribed work activities. It needs a high sense of reality and
situational awareness. Since the dynamic control of the manipulator will be more
prone to error, the degree of mechanical dexterity is high. The degree of operational
criticality is high because the consequences of imperfect performance are not
tolerable. Based on the ratings for the six distinguishing factors and the suggested
virtual technologies in Table 4.3, AR seems to stand out as the appropriate
technology for this type of training task.

4.3 Relating virtual technologies to training skills

Construction equipment operation generally involves physical aspects (motor skill)
and cognitive aspects (cognitive organization; e.g., a memorized series of actions to
take). Parente a and DiCesare (1991) proposed that training establishes associations

between physical aspects of the task and cognitive organizations learned during task
performance, resulting in a learned cognitive response to the task. Real-world

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