The iHelmet: An AR-enhanced Wearable Display for BIM Information - Mobile and Pervasive Computing in Construction - page 151

3D building models and schedules. Koo and Fischer (2000) analyzed how 4D
models enable more people to understand schedules quickly and to identify
potential problems. Korman et al . (2003) proposed that project teams using
these 4D models to check for conflicts could improve the coordination of
mechanical, electrical and plumbing/process piping (MEP) systems. Chau
et al . (2004) found that 4D visualization assists in cognitive, reflective and
analytical activities. Tanyer et al . (2005) have used the n-dimensional modeling
approach to support collaborative working. Aouad et al . (2006) incorporated all
the design information required at each stage of the life cycle of a building
facility into an n-dimensional model. Many other researchers, such as Chau
et al . (2005), Dawood and Sikka (2006), and Staub-French and Khan-
zode (2007), have also reported the successful application of 4D technologies
for coordinating subconstructors in real projects. Kang et al . (2007) designed
and implemented a user study (N

42) and concluded that 4Dmodels do assist
construction teams in detecting logical errors in the construction sequence
more efficiently. Using an experimental exercise, Dawood and Sikka (2008)
provided quantitative evidence that using 4D models could increase commu-
nicative efficiency and the interpretive ability of a construction project team.
* Building information modeling (BIM): Building information modeling (BIM)
has recently received widespread attention in the architectural, engineering and
construction (AEC) industries (Koo and Fischer, 2000; Bouchlaghem
et al ., 2005). In contrast to 4D and nD modeling, BIM focuses especially on
the integration of building information. Numerous scholars have discussed the
opportunities for and potential benefits of using BIM (Goedert, and Meadati,
2008; Ku et al ., 2008; Manning and Messner, 2008). Eastman et al . (2008)
attempted to use BIM to facilitate coordination in building projects. Dossick
and Neff (2010) found that BIM can integrate information from architecture,
structural engineering and MEP systems into a single model. Goedert and
Meadati (2008) indicated that using BIM in projects can lead to greater
efficiencies through increased collaboration, resulting in improvement in
project team communication and cooperation, and the coordination of con-
struction projects. BIM is also an excellent tool for data management, as it is
capable of information retrieval and display (Davis, 2007). Many case studies
have provided anecdotal evidence to support the view that the use of BIMmakes
the building process more efficient and effective (Kam et al ., 2003; Howard and
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ork, 2008). Khanzode et al . (2008) discussed the benefits of, and lessons learnt
from, implementing building virtual design and construction (VDC) technol-
ogies for the coordination of MEP systems on a large healthcare project. Kaner
et al . (2008) reported that using BIM can improve labor productivity in
structural engineering firms. Jordani (2008) managed costs by using a BIM
tool to operate and maintain a building for its entire life cycle. Howard and
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ork (2008) found that using BIM in projects can extend these benefits to all of
the members of a project team throughout the entire construction process. The
General Services Administration (GSA) requires all AEC firms dealing with
them to include a BIM as part of all work proposals, commencing from the 2006
fiscal year (Goedert and Meadati, 2008).

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