Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Ulocladium oudemansii : BOTRY-zen, a biocontrol product containing the fungus
Ulocladium oudemansii , is registered for use in New Zealand (http://www.botryzen.
co.nz). The product was fi rst developed for early-season control of Botrytis cinerea in
grapes (Elmer & Reglinski, 2006), and is formulated as a water-dispersible granule.
U. oudemansii colonises the grape fl ower debris left on the developing grape bunches
faster than B. cinerea and reduces infection. BOTRY-zen has been used as a foliar spray on
New Zealand vineyards since 1997 to control botrytis over a wide range of disease pres-
sure conditions, with control equivalent to standard fungicide programmes. The product
is also registered for use on kiwifruit, blackcurrants and ornamental fl owers. BOTRY-zen
can also be used to control Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on kiwifruit, with two applications at
fl owering required to reduce sclerotinia infection and fruit loss.
3.4.3
Post-harvest microbiomes
3.4.3.1
Bacterial products
Pseudomonas syringae : Jet Harvest Solutions (USA) produce two commercial products,
Bio-Save 10 LP and Bio-Save 11 LP, containing strains ESC-10 and ESC-11 of the
bacterium Pseudomonas syringae , respectively. Both products are formulated as freeze-
dried powders and are applied post-harvest. Bio-Save 10 LP is used on citrus fruits to
reduce blue and green mould as well as sour rot, and on cherries to control blue and
grey mould. Another use is on pome fruits in cold and controlled atmosphere storage for
control of blue and grey mould, and mucor rot ( Mucor piriformis ). It can also be used on
potatoes in cold storage to control dry rot and silver scurf, caused by Fusarium sambuci-
num and Helminthosporium solani , respectively. In contrast, Bio-Save 11 LP is mainly
used on sweet potatoes to reduce soft rot in storage caused by R. stolonifer .
3.4.3.2
Fungal products
Aureobasidium pullulans : BoniProtect, a commercial product containing the yeast
Aureobasidium pullulans on a carrier, is registered in Germany (http://www.bio-protect.de).
The product is used on apples to control storage rots, including grey and blue mould
caused by Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum, respectively. BoniProtect works
best when applied as a spray up to three times every 2 weeks starting 5 weeks before
harvest. A similar product, BoniProtect forte, also containing A. pullulans , is used to
control pre-harvest diseases of stone fruit and strawberries, caused by Monilinia spp. and
B. cinerea , respectively.
Candida oleophila : The yeast, Candida oleophila , is primarily used to reduce green and
blue mould of citrus and pome fruits, caused by Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum . It is
produced by Ecogen Inc. (USA) and is marketed as Aspire in the United States and Israel.
The product is most effective when used in combination with reduced application rates of
thiabendazole, and often provides control equivalent to the full-rate fungicide treatment.
It also reduces sour rot, caused by Geotrichum candidum (Droby et al ., 1998).
Metschnikowia fruticola : Shemer is a commercial product based on the yeast
Metschnikowia fruticola . The product was registered in Israel in 2005, and is a water-
dispersible granule formulation, which can be applied through spray or drench application
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