Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
mixed with phage, extended the ability of phage to survive on leaf surfaces. Furthermore,
Balogh
et al.
(2003) enhanced the effi cacy of phage treatment with protective formulations
that increased phage persistence on tomato foliage (Figure 13.2a). These formulations
enhanced the phages' ability to persist in the presence of UV and fl uorescent light (Iriarte
et al.,
2007). The use of these formulations led to increased phage residual activity and,
consequently, to enhanced disease control effi cacy (Balogh
et al.,
2003) (Figure 13.2b,c).
A
A
6
B
5
4
3
2
C
1
(a)
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 4 8 2 6 0 4
(b)
Time after application (h)
150
A
140
AB
B
130
BC
120
C
110
100
90
80
(c)
Figure 13.2
Protective formulations increase phage persistence and enhance disease control effi cacy. (a)
Effect of protective formulations on phage persistence in the greenhouse. Phage suspension was applied
on greenhouse tomatoes in water (phage) or in different formulations (F1, F2 and F3) and recovered
from the plants 48 h after application. (b) Effect of protective formulation on phage residual activity in
the fi eld. Phage suspension was applied to fi eld tomatoes with formulation (solid diamonds) or without it
(triangles). Vertical dotted lines indicate the end of the predicted residual activity based on 10
4
PFU cm
−2
threshold. (c) Effect of protective formulations on phage disease control effi cacy. Phage mixture was
applied twice-weekly throughout the tomato growing season alone or with different formulations (F1, F2
and F3). Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values indicate the overall disease progress.
UTC: untreated control.
