Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
in standalone systems, there may be
dump loads
(loads where energy is dumped as heat) to
consider and, in grid-connected systems, there is often interest in the penetration in a given
geographical area, in which case it may be termed the
local penetration
.
For other purposes, including system control, it is necessary to consider the instantaneous
penetration:
(
)
Power from renewable energy powe
red generators kW
Total power delivered to loads kW
Instantaneous Penetration
=
(
)
Since the electrical output from some generators operating from renewable energy sources
is variable, the maximum instantaneous penetration will normally be much higher than the
average penetration.
References
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Oxford Research Group.
[2] Cited in ' The future of nuclear power ' , DTI/Pub 8519/4K/05/07.NP, p.156; www.dti.gov.uk/fi les/fi le39197.
pdf .
[3] See www.pmc.gov.au/umpner/docs/commissioned/ISA_report.pdf .
[4] IPCC ,
Third Assessment Report of the IPCC
, Cambridge University Press , 2001 .
[5] Schellnhuber , H.J. (ed).
Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change
, Cambridge University Press , 2006
[6]
Stern Review Report on the Economics of Climate Change
, Cambridge University Press, 2006. Following criti-
cisms of the report a rebuttal was published by Stern and his team and can be found in http://www.hm-treasury.
gov.uk/media/5E1/FB/stern_reply_worldeconomics.pdf .
[7] ' Plan for action on energy effi ciency ' , April 2004, UK government follow-up to the 'Energy White Paper'.
[8] 'The role of nuclear power in a low carbon economy', Sustainable Development Commission, UK, March
2006 .
[9] Gordon , S. ' Carbon cure ' ,
IEE Power Engineering
, December 2005 /January 2006.
