The Role of Output Devices in the Higher Education Courses of Cartography - Maps for the Future Children Education and Internet - page 33

teaching material for cartographers. However the rapid development of computer
cartography has made difficult and complicated to integrate the knowledge
represented in these volumes into the curriculums. In less developed countries
where the use of computer technologies was late due to the limited financial
resources Basic Cartography played an important role to represent an international
standard of cartography. The Map reproduction chapter mentions only the tradi-
tional printing methods (offset print), but the chapter deals with other technical sub-
processes (Ormeling 1988 ).
3.4 Traditional Reproduction Methods in the Cartographic
Education
Cartographers had to understand the printing process, so the basics of the offset
printing process were part of the higher education cartography curriculums.
Erwin Raisz , one of the most important American cartographers of the twentieth
century felt that cartographers fell into two categories: “geographer cartographers,”
who wish to express their ideas with graphs, charts, maps, globes, models; and
“cartotechnicians,” who “help produce maps, models, and globes by doing the
color-separation” or other technical works. He proposed the idea of different types
of cartographers, including the cartologist, cartosophist, toponymist, map compiler,
map designer, draftsman, letterist, engravers, map printers, etc.
Of course, it may take time to establish independent cartography courses and
before the World War II practically these independent courses didn't exist. The
other important American cartographer of the twentieth century was Arthur
Robinson who got his PhD right after the World War II in the Ohio State University.
On that university subject like Cartographic Production was part of the course.
Raisz's General cartography and Robinson's Element of Cartography are probably
the most important topics in the twentieth century of the American cartography, but
we should mention that the cartographic education was most developed in Europe at
that time.
In the Latin American and European traditions, the production techniques are
certainly not considered part of the academic environment. They are very respected
and much appreciated, but generally we will find them not in academia (McMaster
and McMaster 2002 ).
Although without fully understanding the essence of offset printing carto-
graphers were not able to create a good symbology (which can be reproduced
technically), they have to start the whole process with the definition of the printed
colors, line widths etc. To increase the number of printed colors may considerable
make the whole map production process more expensive (it was even more relevant
around 1960-1970). Even the selection of the number of color shades was a
question of costs. It was very important in the education of cartographers (especially
in the higher education where we have time to give complex knowledge and make