The Role of Output Devices in the Higher Education Courses of Cartography - Maps for the Future Children Education and Internet - page 30

innovations (including map editing, compilation and reproduction). It was in 1956
and due to the Cold War period only Western countries were invited. The main
reason of the success of this first meeting was that the participants were focused on
only special areas of cartography: the map production, there were not scientist; they
were practical cartographers, map producers. When ICA was formed the scientific
aspects became more important (international co-operation in the field of cartogra-
phy), than the technical aspects (according to the final resolution of the Esselte
Conference on Applied Cartography the planned international organization should
concentrate on such aspects of cartography as are not already covered by existing
organizations, like IGU, FIG, etc.).
On the first ICA General Assembly in 1961 twenty-six countries were inaugurated
as member countries. The Statutes as adopted in 1961 did not represent either
governmental or commercial cartographic interest. Its aims were the study
of cartographic problems, the co-ordination of cartographic research involving
co-operation between different nations, the exchange of ideas and documents (and
later digital data), the training for cartographers and encourage the spreading of the
cartographic knowledge. However in the first years of ICA when the relationships
between IGU and ICA was a part of a long discussion it was said that cartography as a
technical science might be subject to commercial and governmental influences. It was
really a fact that the Esselte Conference on Applied Cartography in 1956 and the other
early meetings were initiated by private map producing companies so it was probably
the main reason that socialist countries were not invited and started to become ICA
members only after 1964 (nevertheless it was also a political issue at that time).
The definition of the term cartography was also an important task of the early
years of ICA (St ´ phane de Brommer, the Vice-President of ICA and the chairman
of the Commission on Education and Training). The Multilingual Dictionary of
Technical Terms in Cartography (edited by Emil Meynen in 1973) declared the
term as “the art, science and technology of making maps, together with their study
as scientific documents and works of art”. This definition was a compromise after a
long discussion inside the association, but Prof. Konstantin Salichtchev, the ICA
President (1968-1972) still regretted that the final definition was concentrated
too much upon the map production and didn't concentrate enough on a scientific
approach. The definition later has been changed due to the computer technology,
but this issue still shows the importance of the output in cartography (Ormeling
1988 ; Salichtchev 1979 ).

3.3.1 ICA Commission on Map Production

The initial statutes of the ICA only roughly described as to how the commissions
should be established. The first ICA commission on focusing partly on the repro-
duction methods was the Special Commission on Automation. This commission
was established in 1964 and in 1980 it was renamed to the Commission on
Computer-Assisted Cartography. The commission had very general

terms of