Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
tAble 12.1
selected micronutrient contents of meat and milk (Relative Amount/kcal)
and functions Affected by deficiency
Iron
zinc
vitamin b 12
vitamin A
Animal source foods
Meat
+++
+++
+++
+
Milk
+
+
+++
++
functional areas affected
Anemia +++ 0 +++ +
Immunodeficiency ++ +++ + +
Intrauterine malnutrition + ++ − 0
Cognition +++ 0 ++ 0
Activity +++ ++ 0 0
Work capacity +++ 0 0 0
Source: Modified from Neumann, C., D. Harris, and L. Rogers, 2002, Nutrition Research
22:193-220.
zinc, iron, and vitamin B 12 , and that the intake of animal source foods is strongly
associated with improved growth, cognitive function, activity, school performance,
pregnancy outcome, and morbidity in young children (Neumann and Bwibo 1987,
Allen et al. 1992b, Calloway et al. 1992). However, intervention studies that supple-
ment animal source foods and examine the relation of their intake to functional
outcomes in children are rare. Findings of studies that examined the importance of
animal source foods in the diets of children and the impact of animal source foods
on neonatal growth and health, micronutrient status, growth, cognitive develop-
ment, school performance, physical activity, emotional state, and social interactions
during free play are presented in more detail in the following sections. An overview
of the relationship between meat and milk, micronutrients, and human function is
given in Table 12.1.
n e o n a t a L g r o w t h a n D h e a L t h
An inadequate diet during pregnancy and lactation with consequent micronutrient
deficiencies, particularly of iron, zinc, and vitamin B 12 , can impair pregnancy and
postnatal outcomes of children. This relationship and the observations of some stud-
ies investigating the relationship of maternal intake of animal source foods during
pregnancy and lactation have been reviewed by Neumann et al. (2002). It has been
observed that maternal intake of animal source foods during pregnancy predicted
gestational age, pregnancy weight gain, birth weight, and birth length, and a high-
quality diet including animal source foods during pregnancy and lactation predicted
postnatal growth.
 
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