Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Box 1 (continued)
modification - can be modified to change from plant to human glyco-
sylation pattern.
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Lemna
Lemna or duckweed are small plants growing on the surface of ponds,
lakes, and rivers. The plant has been genetically modified to produce
twelve monoclonal antibodies including small peptides and large mul-
timeric enzymes.
62
Algae
Algae have been tested to express a broad range of biopharmaceu-
tical proteins including antibodies, interleukins, neurotrophic factors,
and cholera toxin B unit.
63
Single-cell algae can be grown under high
density and large volumes. Downstream processing might be easier
and therefore less costly compared to higher plants because algae are
much simpler organisms.
64
61
E. Decker, Moss - An Innovative Tool for Protein Production, 02/2003 BIOfo-
rum Europe 96-97 (2003). A. Schaaf et al., Use of Endogenous Signal Sequences
for Transient Production and Efficient Secretin by Moss (Physcomitrella patens)
Cells, 5:30
BMC Biotechnology
doi: 10.1186/1472-6750-5-30 (2005) available at
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1472-6750-5-30.pdf.
62
D. A. Fitzgerald, Reviving Up the Green Express: Companies Explore the Use of
Transgenic Plants for Economical, Large-scale Protein Expression,
The Scientist
,July
14, 2003, available at www.the-scientist.com/yr2003/jul/lcprofile1 030714.html; J. R.
Gasdaska et al., Advantages of Therapeutic Protein Production in the Aquatic Plant,
BioProcessing Journal
, Mar/Apr 2003 at 49-56.
63
Mera Pharmaceuticals, c.f. Dunwell & Ford 2005, supra; M. Sun et al., Foot-and-mouth
disease virus VP1 protein fused with cholera toxin B subunit expressed in Chlamy-
domonas reinhardtii chloroplast. 25
Biotechnol Lett
1087-1092 (2003); The applica-
tion of algae for PM farming has been reviewed by M. M. El-Sheekh, Genetic engi-
neering of eukaryotic algae with special reference to Chlamydomonas. 29
Turk J Biol
65-82 (2005); S. E. Franklin & S. P. Mayfield, Prospects for molecular farming in the
green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. 7
Curr Opin Plant Biol
159-165 (2004), S. E.
Franklin & S. P. Mayfield, Recent developments in the production of human thera-
peutic proteins in eukaryotic algae. 5
Expert Opin Biol Ther
1225-1235 (2005); T. L.
Walker et al., Microalgae as bioreactors. 24
Plant Cell Rep
629-641 (2005).
64
T. L. Walker et al., Microalgae as bioreactors. 24
Plant Cell Rep
629-641 (2005).
