Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
12,5%
Use of GMOs under labeling obligations
52,5%
Coexistent production of GM and non-GM
GMO-avoidance according to regulation (EC) No
1829/2003
27,5%
89%
GMO-avoidance according to organic production
rules
5,0%
6%
2,5%
Other strategy of GMO-avoidance
3%
Labeling “Without Genetic Modification“
2%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Percent of factories
Food industry
Feed industry
Figure 3. Strategies of German food and feed producers to fulfill legal require-
ments of Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 and 1830/2003.
Source:
Hirzinger and
Menrad, 2005.
the 0.9 percent threshold. Main cost drivers of GMO-free production
are additional personnel costs, higher costs of raw materials, and costs
for GMO analytics. In feed industry additional costs of GMO-free raw
materials can reach 1.4 percent of the turnover, additional personnel
costs can amount to 0.3 percent of the turnover, and additional costs of
GMO analytics can rise up to 0.6 percent of the turnover (Hirzinger and
Menrad, 2006). In the food industry a factory of margarine and special
fats obtained the highest additional costs of GMO-free raw materials
with about 0.4 percent of the turnover. A factory of confectionary prod-
ucts obtained the highest additional personnel costs of around 0.2 per-
cent of the turnover and a factory of soy products indicated they had
the highest costs as a result of GMO analytics of around 0.1 percent of
its turnover (Hirzinger and Menrad, 2006). In this context it is impor-
tant to mention that raw materials and food ingredients derived from
soybean (e.g., soy oil, flour, and lecithin), corn (e.g., flour, starch, starch-
derived sugars, and isoglucose) and rapeseed (e.g., oil and flour) are main
sources of unintended GMO admixture because around 60 percent of the
